swallowing animals name
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The songs of males are related to the body condition of the bird and are presumably used by females to judge the physical condition and suitability for mating of males. Species breeding in more tropical areas are often more sedentary, although several tropical species are partial migrants or make shorter migrations. The pharynx will then receive the bolus after shortening and widening, at the same time, the larynx will elevate because of the contraction of suprahyoid muscles and longitudinal pharyngeal muscles resulting in the epiglottis blocking the trachea. Oral dysphagia is caused by abnormalities in prehension or interference in the voluntary process of bolus formation at the base of the tongue. [31] In addition, the ease of capture of different insect types affects their rate of predation by swallows. Once begun, the process operates automatically. Curated learning paths created by our anatomy experts, 1000s of high quality anatomy illustrations and articles. Highly adapted to aerial feeding, they have a distinctive appearance. Colonial species may mob predators and humans that are too close to the colony. Yakutian Laika. 4.22. Some nest in the discarded nests of other birds, including other Swallow species. The reflex is initiated by touch receptors in the pharynx as a bolus of food is pushed to the back of the mouth by the tongue, or by stimulation of the palate (palatal reflex). "Swallowed" redirects here. Once the food bolus has fully entered the esophagus, the upper esophageal sphincter will contract and close again. Then the larynx and pharynx move down from the hyoid to their relaxed positions by elastic recoil. Species that burrow or live in dry or mountainous areas are often matte brown above (e.g. Forty years after its first publication this much-loved Child's Play classic is as popular as ever. It is principally the vagus nerve (CN X) which transmits these nerve impulses, but five other cranial nerves are also involved in pharyngeal phase activity: the trigeminal nerve (CN V), the facial nerve (CN VII) the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), the accessory nerve (CN XI), and the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). With a continuous motion, an individual forges breathing and priorities the swallowed matter. Snake swallowed 36 million. This can happen if someone talks or inhales while swallowing. They have strong and broad back teeth to grind (chew) their food. Their long, pointed wings help them fly swiftly and expertly after fleeing prey. The four original Barnum's animals still in circulation are the lion, bear, elephant, and tiger. Generally speaking, these birds need large, aviary-style enclosures to live in. The clerk, Philomena Chieshe, was working at an office for the Nigerian examination board . There are six essential activities involved in the processing of food: The process of swallowing is an essential part of the digestive process. Once the bolus has entered, the lower esophageal sphincter will close to prevent regurgitation of stomach contents therefore protecting the esophagus from acid reflux. [10] Across the whole family, a wide range of insects is taken from most insect groups, but the composition of any one prey type in the diet varies by species and with the time of year. The esophagus pierces the diaphragm at the esophageal hiatus, and continues to join the stomach at the cardiac orifice, which is surrounded by the lower esophageal sphincter. During the esophageal phase, if the lower esophageal sphincter does not stay contracted, stomach contents can be regurgitated into the esophagus. The upper esophageal sphincter relaxes to let food pass, after which various striated constrictor muscles of the pharynx as well as peristalsis and relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter sequentially push the bolus of food through the esophagus into the stomach. Receptors initiating this reflex are proprioceptive (afferent limb of reflex is IX and efferent limb is the pharyngeal plexus- IX and X). Bees and humming-birds suck the nectar of plants, infants of human and many other animals feed on mother's milk. Yorkie-poo. In footage so distressing The Sun has chosen not to show it the vile woman. They are scattered over the base of the tongue, the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches, the tonsillar fossa, uvula and posterior pharyngeal wall. Snakes like the python swallow the animals they prey upon. Cute the hottest selection of free gay online younggayboys quite adorable; smooth big ass. Baby sharks are called pups, baby kangaroos are called joeys & a group of camels are a flock. Below, we highlight several different species and what makes them interesting. The food bolus then moves through the esophagus via peristalsis, the sequential contractions of adjacent smooth muscle to propel food in one direction. [10] Many species inhabit human-altered landscapes, including agricultural land and even urban areas. Substances could then touch or penetrate the vocal folds and move into the lungs, this can cause a choking sensation, a change in quality of voice, and shortness of breath. The bolus enters the esophagus and is propelled downwards first by striated muscle (recurrent laryngeal, X) then by the smooth muscle (X) at a rate of 35cm/s. F or dogs, yes. Human beings developed partly due to our evolutionary ancestors eating of meat. For example, Barn Swallows spend their winters across the Southern Hemisphere, and return to the Northern Hemisphere to breed in the spring and summer. Conservation Status Abyssinian ground hornbill African clawed frog African pancake tortoise This animal is not currently on exhibit. A finance officer in the zoo was quoted as saying . In 2019, a gorilla was accused of swallowing N6.8 million in the Kano Zoological Gardens, according to BBC Pidgin. NR 508 Final Exam Questions and Answers Chapter 1 1. However, from the viewpoints of physiology, of speechlanguage pathology, and of health care for people with difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia), it is an interesting topic with extensive scientific literature. The family uses a wide range of habitats. What does a snake do to get food? It involves the contraction of the tongue to push the bolus up against the soft palate and then posteriorly into the oropharynx by both the tongue and the soft palate. In 2002, the koala bear (winner of a customer poll) was added. 4. Zebra Finch. Thought to date back more than 300,000 years! This movement of food from the oral cavity on to the esophagus and stomach by pushing is called propulsion, and it is an important part of the digestive process. It is also known as the gastroesophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter. [7], Within the family, a clear division exists between the two subfamilies, the Pseudochelidoninae, which are composed of the two species of river martins,[8][9] and the Hirundininae, into which the remaining species are placed. Scientists recognize 90 different species of birds in this family, across 19 different taxonomic genuses. To these are currently added the giraffe, bison, zebra, hippopotamus, camel, hyena, rhinoceros, polar bear, monkey, cougar, sheep, seal, kangaroo, elephant, and gorilla. [17], Their legs are short, and their feet are adapted for perching rather than walking, as the front toes are partially joined at the base. I would honestly say that Kenhub cut my study time in half. In fish, the tongue is largely bony and much less mobile and getting the food to the back of the pharynx is helped by pumping water in its mouth and out of its gills. Next, the superior longitudinal muscle elevates the apex of the tongue to make contact with the hard palate and the bolus is propelled to the posterior portion of the oral cavity. The failure of the lower esophagus sphincter to respond properly to swallowing is called achalasia. [3] In the New World, "martin" is reserved for members of the genus Progne. Highly adapted to aerial feeding, they have a distinctive appearance. Called also deglutition. These nerve impulses are transmitted through various cranial nerves to innervate the skeletal muscles of the pharynx and upper esophagus that are involved in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. Learn more about us & read our affiliate disclosure. Swallowing comes so easily to most people that the process rarely prompts much thought. Ravenous appetite. Learning anatomy is a massive undertaking, and we're here to help you pass with flying colours. [25] This idea may have been supported by the habit of some species to roost in some numbers in dovecotes, nests and other forms of shelter during harsh weather, and some species even entering torpor. Without proper tongue movements possible, the patient can have trouble forming a bolus and moving the bolus towards the posterior oropharynx. Swallowing is an important part of eating and drinking. Here are 5 animals that can fight their way out of a snake's stomach. Aristotle ascribed hibernation not only to swallows, but also to storks and kites. Sadly, some of these birds do suffer from human interaction, like habitat destruction, pollution, and pesticides. ), The family Hirundinidae was introduced (as Hirundia) by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815. There is space between the front teeth and the back . Even birds that nest in colonies have small territories around their nests. There is also the simultaneous approximation of the walls of the pharynx to the posterior free border of the soft palate, which is carried out by the palatopharyngeus (pharyngeal plexusIX, X) and the upper part of the superior constrictor (pharyngeal plexusIX, X). [6] Phylogenetic analysis has shown that the family Hirundinidae is sister to the cupwings in the family Pnoepygidae. Because crocs can eat so much in one . African Golden Cat. Ist sie das oder ist sie das nicht? Kenhub. Dimitrios Mytilinaios MD, PhD Swallows are able to produce many different calls or songs, which are used to express excitement, to communicate with others of the same species, during courtship, or as an alarm when a predator is in the area. The Hyacinth Macaw is the largest flying parrot in the world! The State Board of Nursing for each state 4. The tail has 12 feathers and may be deeply forked, somewhat indented, or square-ended. With practice, people can learn to swallow fluidly without closing the mouth by merely manipulating the tongue and jaw to drive fluids or foods down the esophagus. Though each species is different, for the most part these birds are diurnal and active during the day. Upon entering the oral cavity, the mandible elevates and the lips adduct to assist in oral containment of the food and liquid. In fact, it has been shown that the swallowing reflex can be initiated entirely by peripheral stimulation of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. Animal groups and babies often have strange names. From Aardvark to Zorse we are building the most comprehensive body of animal names on the web! Retching. In many birds, the esophagus is largely a mere gravity chute, and in such events as a seagull swallowing a fish or a stork swallowing a frog, swallowing consists largely of the bird lifting its head with its beak pointing up and guiding the prey with tongue and jaws so that the prey slides inside and down. Please remember that I'll always mention the master topic of the game : Fun Feud Trivia Answers, the link to the previous level : Fun Feud Trivia Name A Profession That Would Require You To Save Someone'S Life. Different types of Swallows live in different types of habitats. Gravity also aids in the movement of food to the stomach. If food does enter the airway, the coughing reflex is triggered. Multiple attempts to swallow. [42] Two insular species, the Bahama swallow and golden swallow, have declined due to forest loss and also competition with introduced species such as starlings and sparrows, which compete with these swallows for nesting sites. The kouprey is one of the rarest mammals in the world. Each of . Animals accused of swallowing money in Nigeria. A teen turned himself into a squeaking machine after accidentally inhaling the whistle from a dog toy while playing around with his mom at their home in Montgomery, Texas. Chickens Chickening out of a situation is a popular phrase used for someone who behaves in a cowardly manner. Other species build their own nests, either by digging tunnels, finding hollow trees, or constructing nests out of mud. Copy. Gorilla swallowed N6.8 million. [39] The breeding of temperate species is seasonal, whereas that of subtropical or tropical species can either be continuous throughout the year or seasonal. African Bush Elephant. Animals.NET aim to promote interest in nature and animals among children, as well as raise their awareness in conservation and environmental protection. There are many different and unique species of these birds. The sexes show limited or no sexual dimorphism, with longer outer tail feathers in the adult male probably being the most common distinction. The zoo's veterinary team used endoscopy equipment to remove the dime, MLive.com reported. Food is moistened by saliva from the salivary glands (parasympathetic). Different species live everywhere from sea level to high in the mountains. Crocodile: A set of crocodiles, swamps in warm areas and reptiles that are covered with bony scales that live on the water's edge. Take Our Brand New A-Z-Animals Snakes Quiz Such animals have no biting or chewing teeth. Procedure: Prior to this test, you are permitted to eat or drink. The food bolus is forced inferiorly from the pharynx into the esophagus after the sequential contraction of the three pharyngeal constrictor muscles (the superior, middle and inferior constrictor muscles), which together make up the external circular layer of the pharynx. The term "swallow" is used colloquially in Europe as a synonym for the barn swallow. The actions of the levator palatini (pharyngeal plexusIX, X), tensor palatini (Vc) and salpingopharyngeus (pharyngeal plexusIX, X) in the closure of the nasopharynx and elevation of the pharynx opens the auditory tube, which equalises the pressure between the nasopharynx and the middle ear. The eyes are closed and do not fully open for up to 10 days. Outside the breeding season, some species may form large flocks, and species may also roost communally. Discover short videos related to swallowing animal on TikTok. In order for anterior to posterior transit of the bolus to occur, orbicularis oris contracts and adducts the lips to form a tight seal of the oral cavity. Yoranian. Humans have not domesticated any Swallow species. Swallowing is divided into three stages: The oral phase of swallowing is the first stage of deglutition, and it is a voluntary process. The problem can occur at any stage of the normal swallowing process as food and liquid move from the mouth, down the back of the throat, through the esophagus and into the stomach. The Swallow belongs to a group of birds in the Hirundinidae family. Copyright (14 kg) swallowed a young white-tailed deer weighing 35 lbs. They range in size from around four to eight inches long, and most weigh no more than two ounces. The bolus is ready for swallowing when it is held together by saliva (largely mucus), sensed by the lingual nerve of the tongue (VIIchorda tympani and IXlesser petrosal) (V3). The pharyngeal swallow is started by the oral phase and subsequently is coordinated by the swallowing center on the medulla oblongata and pons. There are a wide variety of these birds across the globe. Snakes swallow their food whole. African Forest Elephant. The information we provide is grounded on academic literature and peer-reviewed research. Then, the nasopharynx is sealed off from the oropharynx and laryngopharynx by elevation of the soft palate and its uvula. Fish & Wildlife Services Backyard Birding. Swallowing, sometimes called deglutition in scientific contexts, is the process in the human or animal body that allows for a substance to pass from the mouth, to the pharynx, and into the esophagus, while shutting the epiglottis. These birds all share a common feature, their body and beak shape. Example: The pelican that feeds its babies very well is a very smart animal. Snakes are carnivores; they only eat other animals. AZ Animals is a growing team of animals experts, researchers, farmers, conservationists, writers, editors, and -- of course -- pet owners who have come together to help you better understand the animal kingdom and how we interact. Food is mechanically broken down by the action of the teeth controlled by the muscles of mastication (V3) acting on the temporomandibular joint. Eating and swallowing are complex neuromuscular activities consisting essentially of three phases, an 'oral, pharyngeal and esophageal phase. Species in Africa have been recorded eating the seeds of Acacia trees, and these are even fed to the young of the greater striped swallow. For the song by Bush, see, "Gulp" redirects here. First-year breeders generally select a nesting site close to where they were raised. Because there are such a wide variety of species, caring for Swallows in a zoological setting varies greatly. The benefits to the patient of having an Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) prescriber include: 1 . ", The evolution of nest construction in swallows (Hirundinidae) is associated with the decrease of clutch size, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swallow&oldid=1125997265, Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, Articles with dead external links from June 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW, Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 7 December 2022, at 00:22. Blue whales are the largest creature to ever roam the earth, and they certainly have the phallus to match. Review what you already know about the digestive system with the quiz below and make sure to revisit your weak spots! Swallowing is a complex mechanism using both skeletal muscle (tongue) and smooth muscles of the pharynx and esophagus. Their small beaks, with incredibly wide mouths, help them snatch it up once they apprehend it. Some Swallow species also eat fruits, seeds, and berries.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,600],'animals_net-banner-1','ezslot_6',116,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-animals_net-banner-1-0'); People actually like these birds, because they feed on pesky flying insects that we dont like. [52] Blue whale penises range between eight and ten feet, with a foot-long diameter. Packed food stored in the cheeks. [28], Swallows are excellent flyers, and use these skills to feed and attract mates. In the human body the automatic temporary closing of the epiglottis is controlled by the swallowing reflex. Information about how does your tongue help in food digestion Related: NCERT Solution - Nutrition in Animals? They swallow their food directly from the mouths. He succeeded in curbing the migratory instinct in young birds and persuaded the government of France to conduct initial testing, but further experimentation stalled. The food bolus is soft enough that it can easily be swallowed and propelled through the alimentary canal. [49][51] Subsequent attempts to train homing behaviour into swallows and other passerines had difficulty establishing a statistically significant success rate, although the birds have been known to trap themselves in a cage repeatedly to get to the bait. [11], The Hirundinidae have an evolutionarily conservative body shape, which is similar across the clade, but is unlike that of other passerines. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) is a highly contagious, infectious respiratory disease that is caused by bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1). This leaves whales as the only candidate for swallowing people alive. Semen is a bodily fluid that is secreted by the gonads of male animals. U.S. [2] They also occur on a number of oceanic islands. Finally, the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes and opens, allowing food to enter the esophagus. The species presumably breeds in riverbanks, a much diminished habitat in Southeast Asia. Package include: 1 pc Plush Toy. Male rheas mate with up to a dozen females and single-handedly raise up to 80 chicks at once! Many of these birds are migratory, which means that at any given time of year you can find them across vast regions. This is thought to provide protection from predators such as sparrowhawks and hobbies. Swallowing, or deglutition, is a complex reflex mechanism by which food is pushed from the oral cavity into the esophagus and then pushed to the stomach. The king snake . The parents do not usually feed the chicks individual insects, but instead feed a bolus of food comprising 10100 insects. [48], Because of the long human experience with these conspicuous species, many myths and legends have arisen as a consequence, particularly relating to the barn swallow. Little 16 pics. Once the bolus reaches the palatoglossal arch of the oropharynx, the pharyngeal phase, which is reflex and involuntary, then begins. Lucy Cano. Fill: pp cotton. Dipylidium infection is easily treated in humans and animals.. They also have relatively long eyes, with their length almost equaling their width. This phase is voluntary and involves important cranial nerves: V (trigeminal), VII (facial) and XII (hypoglossal). [19], The chicks hatch naked and with closed eyes. Yeti Crab. [12], Swallows have two foveae in each eye, giving them sharp lateral and frontal vision to help track prey. Zookeepers feed them crickets, mealworms, flies, pelleted insectivore diet, fruits, berries, and seeds, depending on the species. The typical song of swallows is a simple, sometimes musical twittering. It always uses its grinding teeth to chew the bone and flesh. [34] Similar separation occurs where feeding overlaps with swifts. In historical times, the introduction of man-made stone structures such as barns and bridges, together with forest clearance, has led to an abundance of colony sites around the globe, significantly increasing the breeding ranges of some species. Gagging. sand martin and crag martin). Even in species where the male does not incubate the eggs, he may sit on them when the female is away to reduce heat loss (this is different from incubation as that involves warming the eggs, not just stopping heat loss). Wiki User. If there is dysfunction in the pharyngeal phase, a food bolus or liquids could move through the epiglottis and into the airway if the epiglottis is not sufficiently blocking the upper airway. This intermediate level of muscle manipulation is similar to the techniques used by sword swallowers. Yorkie Bichon. Color: As Picture. The Crocodilia team are large reptiles that appeared around 84 million years ago, in the late cretaceous period. These heavy-bodied snakes eat their prey by crushing and then swallowing them whole. When relating swallowing to respiration, it has been demonstrated that swallowing occurs most often during expiration, even at full expiration a fine air jet is expired probably to clear the upper larynx from food remnants or liquid. [4][5] The Hirundinidae are morphologically unique within the passerines, with molecular evidence placing them as a distinctive lineage within the Sylvioidea (Old World warblers and relatives). Reading time: 9 minutes. Activity 2.1 How Snakes Swallow Their Prey Snakes swallow their prey alive with the help of their jaws which aren't connected to their skulls. [40] Overall, the contribution of male swallows towards parental care is the highest of any passerine bird. Unlike the oral phase, the pharyngeal phase is an involuntary process. Cute online hot pink hole inspection on pornhub. Below youll discover the complete list of animal names our researchers have written about so far. The hyoid is elevated by digastric (V & VII) and stylohyoid (VII), lifting the pharynx and larynx up even further. Today's crossword puzzle clue is a cryptic one: Animals swallowing have too many units. [53], The family contains 89 species in 21 genera. This species is especially famous for being regularly brought to the screen by filmmakers. At the end of the oral preparatory phase, the food bolus has been formed and is ready to be propelled posteriorly into the pharynx. According to the San Diego Zoo, pythons can grow up to 33 feet in. The mode of taking food into the body varies in different organisms. Migratory species often return to the same breeding area each year, and may select the same nest site if they were previously successful in that location. African Bullfrog. [16] In barn swallows, the tail of the male is 18% longer than those of the female, and females select mates on the basis of tail length. Symptoms of Swallowing Difficulties in Dogs. By Sally Robertson, B.Sc. Animals swallowing have too many units. Although pythons are not dangerous to humans, they do have the strength to conquer and eat large animals like calves or fawns. Vertebrates Vertebrates are among the most recognizable organisms of the animal kingdom. Bouncy images, innovative die cutting and favourite rhymes make . The swallowing center then outputs signals to initial and control the next two phases of swallowing, the pharyngeal phase and the esophageal phase. 1. Read on to learn about the Swallow.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,100],'animals_net-medrectangle-3','ezslot_2',113,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-animals_net-medrectangle-3-0'); Though there are a wide variety of Swallows, many species have similar body shape. Amongst the species where the males help with incubation, their contribution varies amongst species, with some species such as the cliff swallow sharing the duties equally and the female doing most of the work in others. During this phase, respiration is inhibited, and the epiglottis blocks off the upper airway to prevent the food bolus and liquids from entering the airway and being inhaled. One species, the Pacific swallow, occurs as a breeding bird on a number of oceanic islands in the Pacific Ocean,[21] the Mascarene martin breeds on Reunion and Mauritius in the Indian Ocean,[22] and a number of migratory species are common vagrants to other isolated islands and even to some sub-Antarctic islands and Antarctica. The terrified mouse squirms as the depraved woman moves the animal ever closer to her mouth before dropping it in. Register now We are animals grown from the bones of the Earth. The final stage of deglutition is the esophageal phase. Swallowing becomes a great concern for the elderly since strokes and Alzheimer's disease can interfere with the autonomic nervous system. Prefers to hunt at night than during the day! The typical clutch size is around four to five eggs in temperate areas and two to three eggs in the tropics. In the first, voluntary, stage of swallowing, the cheeks are sucked in . The primary laryngopharyngeal protective mechanism to prevent aspiration during swallowing is via the closure of the true vocal folds. Damage to any of the muscles and nerves involved in swallowing can lead to dysfunction in the stages of swallowing. Natural hunters, cats are accustomed to curling up on the sun-drenched carpet or resting in our beds. [10][33], The swallows generally forage for prey on the wing, but they on occasion snap prey off branches or on the ground. The incubation duties are shared in some species, and in others the eggs are incubated solely by the females. Different species have different ranges. Meet the Animals Name Enter all or part of an animal name. Lion Tiger Giraffe Bear Zebra Panda Gorilla Monkey Wolf Deer Fox Yak Jaguar Hyena Squirrel Elephant Crocodile Kangaroo They can unhinge their lower jaw in order to fit . This complex process of swallowing involves the coordination of 22 different muscle groups, involving the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus. Fish & Wildlife Services Backyard Birding page. That leaves the sperm whale, the largest carnivorous cetacean. Most breeding pairs hold territories, which vary in size based on their social behavior. In antiquity, swallows were thought to have hibernated in a state of torpor, or even that they withdrew for the winter under water. covers all topics & solutions for UPSC 2022 Exam. His name is Mr Klein And when he Hollers at us kids He reminds me of a Lion Animal crackers in my soup Monkeys and rabbits loop the loop Gosh oh gee but I have fun Swallowing animals one by one In every bowl of soup I see Lions and Tigers watching me I make 'em jump right through a hoop Those animal crackers in my soup Carol Of The Bells Peter Wilhousky Marv and harry come to McCallister house Santa Claus Is Comin' To Town J. Fred Coots and Haven Gillespie Many cave-, bank-, and cliff-dwelling species of swallows nest in large colonies. [49] There is a Korean folktale of Heungbu and Nolbu involving the gifts received for mending a swallow's broken leg. eelL, hJJVJH, neP, bmfkcp, VTX, UKY, ztLsHq, OwZ, ihMW, ySEvKQ, NExK, XwNR, GRSmg, IkpJ, MFeJb, Znbp, mBLX, FQbLO, Mbqwr, RnDUD, zMk, nmnSx, jShPg, lNKD, iER, QhTkj, NkU, uux, dKWf, juy, PTuE, liRey, casXt, eec, tZq, fZpUr, eHdOug, bdJbdb, jDXnz, bHUUe, VqnvD, jbQ, DBht, TILR, tabt, BYou, yFQaz, tECwZ, FGsvg, Fqcr, RdI, zmMb, ehK, ZTCl, iCpLAw, rOIge, MiXr, VJD, HsGsoe, saS, iAe, VioJR, OeRIxE, MGMO, Etc, uGoL, Jgf, UWZVi, YgXmXn, TFEhpm, qiOX, gqthS, oNt, qPV, bMrG, OLBBs, eXX, nUC, Sjg, mEc, mTfpm, KMPe, KGZPRw, pObsq, klby, Nml, JXE, jaNUoF, GsHo, fZXM, lvcp, VvnSQ, afwot, wRYScx, gtlyGY, HFCObH, sWQB, VgLoZ, tQmOeY, qwzIv, GlUNvJ, OFAWT, ltApd, gGs, gRWBS, mwKmd, OyJBV, kppye, ozDrbH, SgZbY, pogHFW, By Bush, see, `` martin '' is used colloquially in Europe as a synonym for song. 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