cacao vs cocoa caffeine content

Phenytoin is a drug used to treat seizures. All of these 4 participants were followed up during the entire study period, and the data from the last scheduled measurements according to the study protocol were included in the database for statistical analysis according to an intention-to-treat procedure. Values are means SEs. Gasior, M., Borowicz, K., Buszewicz, G., Kleinrok, Z., and Czuczwar, S. J. Anticonvulsant activity of phenobarbital and valproate against maximal electroshock in mice during chronic treatment with caffeine and caffeine discontinuation. Hypertension 2012;60:794-801. J.Endocrinol.Invest 2003;26(5):403-406. View abstract. Bozbulut R, Sanlier N, Dger E, Bideci A, amurdan O, Cinaz P. The effect of beta-glucan supplementation on glycemic control and variability in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. View abstract. Daniel, W. A., Syrek, M., Rylko, Z., and Kot, M. Effects of phenothiazine neuroleptics on the rate of caffeine demethylation and hydroxylation in the rat liver. J.Herb.Pharmacother. View abstract. The body breaks down flutamide to get rid of it. Massey LK. American Academy of Pediatrics. 1987;41:25-30. Hurrell RF, Reddy M, Cook JD. Caffeine withdrawal increases lithium blood levels. 2019;236(12):3421-8. A review of studies on these compounds, published in 2017 in Frontiers in Immunology, also suggests a role for dark chocolate in the regulation of gut flora and inflammatory digestive diseases, and in improving cognition in individuals with neurological disorders like dementia. A pharmacological review. Br.J Clin Pharmacol. A one-ounce serving of brewed espresso has 47 to 64 milligrams of caffeine in it. (2013, December). J Hypertens 2010;28(e2). View abstract. 1991;24:421-424. Specifically, cocoa powder is rich in beneficial minerals and polyphenols. Therapeutic Research Faculty 2020. 2011;63(1):12-18. Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: an update. 2011;43(4):224-228. Vaz, J., Kulkarni, C., David, J., and Joseph, T. Influence of caffeine on pharmacokinetic profile of sodium valproate and carbamazepine in normal human volunteers. Snack Smoothie Recipes for Weight Loss. Acta Neurol.Scand 1994;89:164-170. View abstract. The caffeine in cocoa might decrease how quickly the body breaks down flutamide. The effects of caffeine on simulated driving, subjective alertness and sustained attention. 2010;23(1):97-103. (2017). View abstract. Alcohol can decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. View abstract. View abstract. Medicine On Line Int J Medicine 2000. www.priory.com/pharmol/caffeine.htm (Accessed 14 April 2000). Neurology 9-18-2012;79(12):1223-1229. Farouque, H. M., Leung, M., Hope, S. A., Baldi, M., Schechter, C., Cameron, J. D., and Meredith, I. T. Acute and chronic effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in subjects with coronary artery disease: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1997;134:164-173. Clin J Sport Med. After a 1-wk run-in period, participants were randomly assigned to consume once daily a dairy-based cocoa drink containing CFs either at high flavanol (HF; 993 mg flavanols/serving), intermediate flavanol (IF; 520 mg flavanols/serving), or low flavanol (LF; 48 mg flavanols/serving) amounts for 8 wk (Table 2). In turn, this promotes better digestive system health. View abstract. Weng X, Odouli R, Li DK. Colas also contain caffeine, with 33 milligrams in a 12-ounce can. View abstract. or grande, cup of Starbucks hot chocolate contains 25 milligrams (mg) of caffeine. Association of maternal caffeine consumption with decrements in fetal growth. J Cardiovasc.Pharmacol. 2021. View absract. Caffeine ingestion increases the insulin response to an oral-glucose-tolerance test in obese men before and after weight loss. WebFilter. JAMA 1982;248:1097-8. Hojee las pginas sobre hierbas y suplementos, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HF, high flavanol intake; IF, intermediate flavanol intake; LF, low flavanol intake; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; 8-Iso-PGF2, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2. Chan, K. A clinical trial gone awry: the Chocolate Happiness Undergoing More Pleasantness (CHUMP) study. A one-ounce serving of espresso decaf contains zero caffeine. This copyrighted material is provided by Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version. Pola, J., Subiza, J., Armentia, A., Zapata, C., Hinojosa, M., Losada, E., and Valdivieso, R. Urticaria caused by caffeine. 1987;42:621-626. View abstract. View abstract. 2013;75(3):716-727. What Are the Health Benefits of Cocoa & Coffee? Br.J Nutr 5-28-2013;109(10):1832-1843. Direccin de esta pgina: https://medlineplus.gov/spanish/druginfo/natural/935.html. (40) showed acute cognitive improvements in healthy adults after the ingestion of drinks with CF amounts comparable to what were used in the current study. n = 90. 1-26-1978;298:181-186. CONDITIONS OF USE AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. Effects of cocoa-rich chocolate on blood pressure, cardiovascular risk factors, and arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women: a randomized clinical trial. HOMA-IR at the end of study was significantly (P < 0.05) better in subjects assigned to the HF and IF interventions in comparison to those assigned to the LF intervention (Table 4). View abstract. Pharmacokinetic assessment of a five-probe cocktail for CYPs 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A. Caffeine withdrawal increases lithium blood levels. Wan, Y., Vinson, J. Eur.J Clin.Nutr. *Certificate # C802080NOP-01.2018. Arya, L. A., Myers, D. L., and Jackson, N. D. Dietary caffeine intake and the risk for detrusor instability: a case-control study. View abstract. Goldberg LD, Crysler C. A single center, pilot, double-blinded, randomized, comparative, prospective clinical study to evaluate improvements in the structure and function of facial skin with tazarotene 0.1% cream alone and in combination with GliSODin Skin Nutrients Advanced Anti-Aging Formula. www.medscape.com/reuters/prof/2000/02/02.21/dd02210b.html (Accessed 21 February 2000). Psychopharmacology (Berl). Cocoa polyphenols enhance positive mood states but not cognitive performance: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Lake CR, Rosenberg DB, Gallant S, et al. The caffeine in cocoa might block the effects of dipyridamole, which is often used by doctors to do a test called a cardiac stress test. Arch Intern Med 2-27-1995;155(4):381-386. This article explores chocolate addiction, including which of chocolate's ingredients could, Drug use and misuse can affect many aspects of your mind and body. Skin Pharmacol Appl.Skin Physiol 2001;14(2):69-76. Practice moderation when you eat dark chocolate. View abstract. Arnold, M. E., Petros, T. V., Beckwith, B. E., Coons, G., and Gorman, N. The effects of caffeine, impulsivity, and sex on memory for word lists. Find out about the health risks of caffeine anhydrous, the powdered caffeine in supplements and energy drinks, and those of caffeine in general. Energy drink companies encourage teenagers to use their products to gain more energy, improve concentration, or advance athletic performance. More research in this area is needed to explore this hypothesis further. Which medications should be held before a pharmacologic or exercise stress test? Comparison of chocolate to cacao-free white chocolate in Parkinson's disease: a single-dose, investigator-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Food Addit Contam 2003;20:1-30. : commentary on the evidence. Heart 2011;97(21):1776-1781. Dietary total flavanol intake was estimated by a validated semiquantitative dietary questionnaire (24) at the time of enrollment and after a 1-wk run-in period; total flavanol intake was recorded as the intake of free and gallated flavanol monomers and their structurally related oligomeric compounds known as proanthocyanidins. View abstract. View abstract. How does hot chocolate compare to different coffee drinks? Smith A. 2010;19:1171-1176. 2005-2022 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. J Am Diet.Assoc. View abstract. BMJ 2011;343:d4488. Kannayiram, A., Rezaie, A., and Hadi, S. Chocolate-induced prolonged angiooedema in an elderly patient. Srikanth, R. K., Shashikiran, N. D., and Subba Reddy, V. V. Chocolate mouth rinse: Effect on plaque accumulation and mutans streptococci counts when used by children. Neuroimage. The body breaks down caffeine to get rid of it. Eating cacao can cause bruising risk in some people with a bleeding disorder. All participants were instructed to return excess and empty sachets to check compliance. Speak with a healthcare provider to find out what type of product and dose might be best for a specific condition. View abstract. View abstract. The effect of caffeinated, non-caffeinated, caloric and non-caloric beverages on hydration. Fumaria officinalis (fumitory)-clinical applications. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2010;66:1189-97. Thromb.Res 5-15-2002;106(4-5):191-197. 2012;214(1):97-114. Evidence suggestive of neuroprotective effects of flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds that are present in plant-based foods, has increased in recent years. The average theobromine and caffeine content of liquors has been reported at 1.2% and 0.21%, respectively. View abstract. Risk factors for low bone mass in healthy 40-60 year old women: a systematic review of the literature. Baseline general characteristics of the study participants according to the assigned treatment1. Habitual coffee consumption and blood pressure: A study of self-defense officials in Japan. Chemical composition of the cocoa test drinks1. WebThe unique flavan-3-ols in cacao beans are what gives pure cocoa a bitter taste. WebCocoa Delights Made Easy - From Smoothies to Brownies: Including Healthy Organic Cacao Recipe Join my email newsletter and you'll get 1-2 emails per week with my best content, join here! Smits, P., Temme, L., and Thien, T. The cardiovascular interaction between caffeine and nicotine in humans. 6-3-2008;51(22):2141-2149. Effects of a milk chocolate bar per day substituted for a high-carbohydrate snack in young men on an NCEP/AHA Step 1 Diet. Howell LL, Coffin VL, Spealman RD. Aside from the single reported event of gastric discomfort, all interventions were well tolerated, with no other mild or more severe adverse events reported throughout the trial. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Public Health Agency of LAquila, Italy, and written informed consent to participate was provided for each of the participants. Clin J Sport Med. Coffee also appears to offer several health-related benefits, notes a study published in the June 2017 issue of Planta Medica. Stanek EJ, Melko GP, Charland SL. Int J Cardiol. Osteoporos.Int. Potential mechanisms of diet therapy for fibrocystic breast conditions show inadequate evidence of effectiveness. Healy DP, Polk RE, Kanawati L, et al. 2008;16(3):109-115. There is some concern that caffeine can interact with certain medications, called MAOIs. In a comparison across groups, despite no differences at baseline, the composite cognitive z score at the end of follow-up was significantly (P < 0.0001) better in subjects assigned to the HF and IF interventions than at week 0 and was significantly (P < 0.05) better in comparison to those assigned to the LF intervention (Table 5). Cocoa also acts as a fiber-rich prebiotic that encourages "good" gut bacteria growth. View abstract. View abstract. Rapuri PB, Gallagher JC, Kinyamu HK, Ryschon KL. The statistical analysis was conducted according to the intention-to-treat principle, and a per protocol analysis was performed as a sensitivity analysis. Buitrago-Lopez, A., Sanderson, J., Johnson, L., Warnakula, S., Wood, A., Di, Angelantonio E., and Franco, O. H. Chocolate consumption and cardiometabolic disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension 2010;55(6):1289-1295. You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you. Clin.Dev.Immunol 2005;12(1):11-17. The magnitude of improvement in VFT score was significantly greater in HF subjects in comparison to those assigned to the IF and LF groups (Table 5). Gasior, M., Swiader, M., Przybylko, M., Borowicz, K., Turski, W. A., Kleinrok, Z., and Czuczwar, S. J. Felbamate demonstrates low propensity for interaction with methylxanthines and Ca2+ channel modulators against experimental seizures in mice. Caffeine and miscarriage risk. View abstract. Kot, M. and Daniel, W. A. Kaltenbach, T., Crockett, S., and Gerson, L. B. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1833-8. Comparative studies of gastrointestinal tolerance and acceptability of milk chocolate containing either sucrose, isomalt or sorbitol in healthy consumers and type II diabetics. Cardiol.Rev. Cocoa powder naturally contains a substantial amount of caffeine. Klebanoff MA, Levine RJ, DerSimonian R, et al. 5th ed. Spadafranca, A., Martinez, Conesa C., Sirini, S., and Testolin, G. Effect of dark chocolate on plasma epicatechin levels, DNA resistance to oxidative stress and total antioxidant activity in healthy subjects. These ought to contain a balance of fiber, protein, carbohydrates, and fat. Changes in insulin resistance explained 17% of changes in composite z score (partial r2 = 0.1703, P < 0.0001). View abstract. Pediatrics 2001;108:776-89. View abstract. Effect of cocoa and theobromine consumption on serum HDL-cholesterol concentrations: a randomized controlled trial. Hamed, M. S., Gambert, S., Bliden, K. P., Bailon, O., Singla, A., Antonino, M. J., Hamed, F., Tantry, U. S., and Gurbel, P. A. ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show?ndbno=14538, cspinet.org/eating-healthy/ingredi Clin Sci (Lond) 2003;104:447-54. A higher intake of this stimulant may cause side effects like jitteriness, migraine headaches, an increased heart rate or insomnia. View abstract. CMAJ. Circulation 2007;116:2360-2. Brice C and Smith A. 2011 Jun;17:505-12. da Costa Miranda V, Trufelli DC, Santos J, Campos MP, Nobuo M, da Costa Miranda M, Schlinder F, Riechelmann R, del Giglio A. Is chocolate benign because of its stearic acid content? Copper and manganese are components of many of the bodys enzymes. N.Engl.J Med. Chocolate is so loved, you might wonder if it's addictive. Njike, V. Y., Faridi, Z., Shuval, K., Dutta, S., Kay, C. D., West, S. G., Kris-Etherton, P. M., and Katz, D. L. Effects of sugar-sweetened and sugar-free cocoa on endothelial function in overweight adults. Effect of cacao polyphenol-rich chocolate on postprandial glycemia, insulin, and incretin secretion in healthy participants. Di Renzo, G. C., Brillo, E., Romanelli, M., Porcaro, G., Capanna, F., Kanninen, T. T., Gerli, S., and Clerici, G. Potential effects of chocolate on human pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. The neuroprotective effects of cocoa flavanol and its influence on cognitive performance. Int J Pharmacog 1993;31:175-181. View abstract. All of the above results were confirmed by per protocol analysis (HF, n = 29; IF, n = 29; LF, n = 28) with the exception of the loss of statistical significance in the difference in the time required to complete the TMT B at 8 wk between IF and LF groups (data not shown). This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. Castillejo, G., Bullo, M., Anguera, A., Escribano, J., and Salas-Salvado, J. Rigato, I., Blarasin, L., and Kette, F. Severe hypokalemia in 2 young bicycle riders due to massive caffeine intake. Pharmacol Rep. 2006;58(5):652-659. World J Gastroenterol. View abstract. Pharmacol Biochem.Behav. 12-4-2007;177(12):1539-1541. View abstract. 2020;35(5):465-9. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. Vandeberghe K, Gillis N, Van Leemputte M, et al. Cocoa beans contain the stimulants caffeine and theobromine. Ernest, D., Chia, M., and Corallo, C. E. Profound hypokalaemia due to Nurofen Plus and Red Bull misuse. Accurate prestudy sample-size calculation was hindered by the lack of available data on the effect of CF administration on cognitive function in healthy elderly subjects. 2007;49(2):74-80. Palma CG, Lera AT, Lerner T, de Oliveira MM, de Borta TM, Barbosa RP, Brito GM, Guazzelli CA, Cruz FJ, del Giglio A. Guarana (Paullinia cupana) Improves Anorexia in Patients with Advanced Cancer. Hable con un proveedor de atencin mdica para averiguar qu dosis podra ser mejor para una condicin especfica. Cleve Clin J Med 2002;69:449-50. Para saber ms sobre cmo este artculo fue escrito, refirase a la metodologa de la Base exhaustiva de datos de medicamentos naturales. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77(6):1466-1473. Taking cocoa along with "water pills" might make potassium levels drop too low. (Lond) 2008;32(8):1289-1296. Differential effect of cocoa drinks with low and high theobromine dose on peripheral and central blood pressure: A double blind placebo controlled randomised cross-over trial (abstract). Cocoa consumption and blood pressure in middle-aged and elderly subjects: a meta-analysis. Effects of chocolate, cocoa, and flavan-3-ols on cardiovascular health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Appl.Physiol Nutr Metab 2009;34(1):78-82. Steffen, Y., Schewe, T., and Sies, H. Myeloperoxidase-mediated LDL oxidation and endothelial cell toxicity of oxidized LDL: attenuation by (-)-epicatechin. Yuan S, Li X, Jin Y, Lu J. Xanthine interference with dipyridamole-thallium-201 myocardial imaging. Food Chem 2018;267:405-9. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.078. Lithium tremor and caffeine intake: two cases of drinking less and shaking more. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992;51:183. Zumbe, A. and Brinkworth, R. A. Cordova, A. C., Sumpio, B. J., and Sumpio, B. E. Perfecting the plate: adding cardioprotective compounds to the diet. View abstract. View abstract. Because the intervention lasted just 2 months, the full extent of these cognitive benefits and their duration are not yet known. Cocoa powder is roasted raw cacao that has been ground into a fine powder. Evidence from in vitro and animal studies support that flavonoids, including flavanols, can promote neuronal survival and differentiation, effects that may help promote memory and learning (10). Wikoff D, Welsh BT, Henderson R, et al. View abstract. Decroix L, van Schuerbeek P, Tonoli C, et al. View abstract. Potenza, M. V. and Mechanick, J. I. Feldens, C. A., Vitolo, M. R., and Drachler, Mde L. A randomized trial of the effectiveness of home visits in preventing early childhood caries. Meal Smoothies. Seed oil composition of Paullinia cupana var. A chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables; ANOVA was used for continuous variables. For example, an eight-ounce cup of brewed regular coffee contains anywhere from 95 to 165 milligrams of caffeine. View abstract. 1996;67:859-862. Altinok A, Karabay A, Akyrek EG. Versatile cocoa flavanols have been proven to improve blood circulation to the brain and heart, prevent dangerous blood clots, help decrease blood pressure and combat cell damage. Inhibition of caffeine metabolism by estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Also, many medications interact with caffeine, so speak to your healthcare provider about caffeine before beginning a new medication or supplement. Engler, M. B. and Engler, M. M. The emerging role of flavonoid-rich cocoa and chocolate in cardiovascular health and disease. Rudkowska, I. and Jones, P. J. Functional foods for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases: cholesterol and beyond. Stimulant drugs speed up the nervous system. Yes, hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) can get you high. View abstract. One potential mechanism underlying the observed cognitive benefits may be CF-mediated improvements in cerebral endothelial function. Transl Androl Urol. Psychopharmacology (Berl). Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999;145:181-8. Buscemi, S., Verga, S., Batsis, J. Dose-effect relation between regular consumption of 100% cocoa powder and blood pressure in young, healthy black Africans. Am J Hypertens 2005;18:785-91.. View abstract. Neither the treating physicians nor the patients were aware of treatment allocation. FDA. Caffeine-induced cardiac arrhythmia: an unrecognised danger of healthfood products. Cone EH, Lange R, Darwin WD. Heart. Sorond, F. A., Hurwitz, S., Salat, D. H., Greve, D. N., and Fisher, N. D. Neurovascular coupling, cerebral white matter integrity, and response to cocoa in older people. The caffeine in cocoa might decrease the effects of valproate and increase the risk of seizures in some people. Heart 2008;94(7):821-823. Farag, N. H., Whitsett, T. L., McKey, B. S., Wilson, M. F., Vincent, A. S., Everson-Rose, S. A., and Lovallo, W. R. Caffeine and blood pressure response: sex, age, and hormonal status. Burnham TH, ed. Eteng, M. U., Eyong, E. U., Akpanyung, E. O., Agiang, M. A., and Aremu, C. Y. Tea is usually moderate in caffeine. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1999;220:271-5. Systemic uptake of miconazole during vaginal suppository use and effect on CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 associated enzyme activities in women. The body breaks down caffeine to get rid of it. 1996;203:95-98. View abstract. Phenobarbital is a drug used to treat seizures. 1998;59:1039-1045. The response of plasma total 8-iso-prostaglandin F2 to the 3 treatments during the study period differed (P = 0.0015), with significant reductions observed among subjects assigned to both the HF and IF groups but not in those assigned to the LF group (Table 4). J Psychopharmacol 2013;27(5):451-8. Cognitive function was assessed at baseline and after 8 wk by using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Trail Making Test (TMT) A and B, and the Verbal Fluency Test (VFT). Mohiuddin, M., Azam, A. T., Amran, M. S., and Hossain, M. A. Proposed rule: dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids. Caballero, T., Garcia-Ara, C., Pascual, C., Diaz-Pena, J. M., and Ojeda, A. Urticaria induced by caffeine. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1991;20:313-24. Cardiovascular Benefits Claimed For Cocoa Flavonoids. Eur.J Clin.Pharmacol. Dietary saturated fats and their food sources in relation to the risk of coronary heart disease in women. Heinrich, U., Neukam, K., Tronnier, H., Sies, H., and Stahl, W. Long-term ingestion of high flavanol cocoa provides photoprotection against UV-induced erythema and improves skin condition in women. Birth control pills can decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. 1989;18:94-97. 2010;11:49. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:411-7. Bryant, C. M., Dowell, C. J., and Fairbrother, G. Caffeine reduction education to improve urinary symptoms. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991;50:363-71. In a head-to-head comparison between cocoa and coffee, cocoa offers an important nutritional benefit. Beck, A. M., Damkjaer, K., and Beyer, N. Multifaceted nutritional intervention among nursing-home residents has a positive influence on nutrition and function. The following people in particular need to take care. Institute of Medicine. Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/03/19/for-dieter-nearly-the-ultimate-loss/c0f07474-489d-4f44-bc17-1f1367c956ae/ (Accessed 19 March 2000). As with coffee, the exact amount of caffeine will depend on the type of tea, the number of bags or amount of leaves used, and the brewing process and time. Cavarretta E, Peruzzi M, Del Vescovo R, et al. By speeding up the nervous system, stimulant medications can increase blood pressure and speed up the heartbeat. Background: Recent evidence has indicated that flavanol consumption may have many health benefits in humans, including improved cognitive activities. Am J Cardiol. "Sinc Caffeine may be found in modest amounts in cocoa bean beans. Effects on Peripheral and Central Blood Pressure of Cocoa With Natural or High-Dose Theobromine. 2012;22(12):1046-1053. Available at: http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/common/caffeine.html. Galduroz, J. C. and Carlini, E. A. Scholey AB, French SJ, Morris PJ, Kennedy DO, Milne AL, Haskell CF. It is also possible to have withdrawal symptoms from caffeine, even within a day of the last dose. 1995;11 Suppl G:39G-46G. Ali M, Afzal M. A potent inhibitor of thrombin stimulated platelet thromboxane formation from unprocessed tea. Arzneimittelforschung. Lamport DJ, Pal D, Moutsiana C, et al. Vaz, J., Kulkarni, C., David, J., and Joseph, T. Influence of caffeine on pharmacokinetic profile of sodium valproate and carbamazepine in normal human volunteers. Z.Lebensm.Unters.Forsch. Inhibition of caffeine metabolism by estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Mester R, Toren P, Mizrachi I, et al. Cocoa contains caffeine. View abstract. Ann.Intern.Med. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Eur J Epidemiol 1999;15:181-8. BMJ 2-24-1996;312(7029):478-481. J Am.Coll.Nutr. View abstract. PLoS.One. McKeever KH. Caffeine vs caffeine-free sports drinks: effects on urine production at rest and during prolonged exercise. View abstract. If you've experienced anxiety, restlessness or headaches, note how much coffee you drink daily. Carob vs. Cacao . such as jitteriness, headache, and fast heartbeat. The beans are used to make. Spearman nonparametric correlation revealed significant relations between changes in plasma insulin and HOMA-IR during the study period and their respective values at baseline ( = 0.363, P = 0.0004, and = 0.382 and P = 0.0002, respectively) in the study cohort considered as a whole. An evaluation of the drug interaction potential of pazopanib, an oral vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, using a modified Cooperstown 5+1 cocktail in patients with advanced solid tumors. Erdman, J. W., Jr., Carson, L., Kwik-Uribe, C., Evans, E. M., and Allen, R. R. Effects of cocoa flavanols on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Pharmacotherapy 2001;21:647-51.. View abstract. Cocoa-rich chocolate and body composition in postmenopausal women: a randomised clinical trial. Costa-Bauza A, Grases F, Calv P, Rodriguez A, Prieto RM. Nahas, R. Complementary and alternative medicine approaches to blood pressure reduction: An evidence-based review. Smits, P., Temme, L., and Thien, T. The cardiovascular interaction between caffeine and nicotine in humans. Hypertension was the most prevalent cardiovascular disease risk factor. 2020;12(9):2754. Sansone R, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Heuel J, et al. The flavanol composition of the cocoa drinks is also shown in Table 2. Compliance with the dietary restrictions was good because none of the subjects reported regular consumption of the restricted flavanol/procyanidin-containing foods and beverages. She holds a Master's of Science in Health and Nutrition Education and is Board Certified in Holistic Nutrition. Am.J Clin.Nutr. Asia Pac.J Clin Nutr 2008;17 Suppl 1:284-287. *P 0.006. J Nutr 2006;136(6):1565-1569. Winkelmayer WC, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Curhan GC. Fluvoxamine can decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. Methamphetamine can remain in your body for several days, though the exact amount of time a test can detect it in your urine or hair can vary. 2017;4:CD008893. Eighteen individuals refused to participate. Karabay A, Saija JD, Field DT, Akyrek EG. J Clin Hypertens.(Greenwich.) 2013 Dec;10:325-34. de Oliveira Campos MP, Riechelmann R, Martins LC, Hassan BJ, Casa FB, Del Giglio A. Guarana (Paullinia cupana) improves fatigue in breast cancer patients undergoing systemic chemotherapy. Aqel RA, Zoghbi GJ, Trimm JR, et al. Effect of caffeine on circadian excretion of urinary calcium and magnesium. 2004;75(1):89-100. In vivo adulteration: excess fluid ingestion causes false-negative marijuana and cocaine urine test results. 2004;75:89-100. Hermann, F., Spieker, L. E., Ruschitzka, F., Sudano, I., Hermann, M., Binggeli, C., Luscher, T. F., Riesen, W., Noll, G., and Corti, R. Dark chocolate improves endothelial and platelet function. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97(6):1201-9. Grassi D, Lippi C, Necozione S, et al. 2011;57(1):44-50. By comparison, an 8-ounce cup of coffee contains 95 milligrams of caffeine, while an ounce shot of espresso has 63 milligrams. Stille, W., Harder, S., Mieke, S., Beer, C., Shah, P. M., Frech, K., and Staib, A. H. Decrease of caffeine elimination in man during co-administration of 4-quinolones. Pediatrics 2006;118(3):e641-e648. (2011). Khawaja, O., Gaziano, J. M., and Djousse, L. Chocolate and coronary heart disease: a systematic review. Cognitive benefits were also reported in multiple dietary intervention studies (34). The question of whether some degree of cognitive deterioration is an inevitable part of aging or should be considered as a pathological prestage of dementia is debated. View abstract. Gasior, M., Borowicz, K., Buszewicz, G., Kleinrok, Z., and Czuczwar, S. J. Anticonvulsant activity of phenobarbital and valproate against maximal electroshock in mice during chronic treatment with caffeine and caffeine discontinuation. Kay, C. D., Kris-Etherton, P. M., and West, S. G. Effects of antioxidant-rich foods on vascular reactivity: review of the clinical evidence. The caffeine in cocoa might also speed up the nervous system. 2002;2:57-61. It is used as a cognitive enhancer, increasing alertness and attentional performance. Caffeine use in sports. Jafarnejad S, Salek M, Clark CCT. Landberg, R., Naidoo, N., and van Dam, R. M. Diet and endothelial function: from individual components to dietary patterns. Chen JF, Xu K, Petzer JP, et al. Joeres R, Klinker H, Heusler H, et al. West J Med 1992;157:544-53. 2010;12:109-110. An aqueous extract of guarana (Paullinia cupana) decreases platelet thromboxane synthesis. Chocolate intake and incidence of heart failure: Findings from the Cohort of Swedish Men. Rev.Med Suisse 3-10-2010;6(239):499-4. The difference between safe and toxic amounts is minimal, and the product is difficult to measure using standard kitchen tools. 2022 TRC es una marca registrada del Therapeutic Research Center. View abstract. Appl.Physiol Nutr Metab 2009;34(6):1017-1022. Friedman G. Diet and the irritable bowel syndrome. The authors responsibilities were as followsGD: designed the research and had primary responsibility for final content; DM, DG, AR, LP, RR, and MCL: conducted the research; SN: performed the statistical analysis; SN, CM, and GD: analyzed the data; and CK-U, RB, CF, and GD: interpreted the results and wrote the manuscript. View abstract. View abstract. A excepcin de las posibles excepciones escritas en el acuerdo de licencia, no se permite la reproduccin de esta monografa ni de ningn contenido de esta base de datos sin el permiso escrito del editor. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc.Metab 2006;16(1):78-91. Caffeine is a mild diuretic and has been used as an aid for weight loss. Phenylpropanolamine increases plasma caffeine levels. View abstract. Newborns and premature infants are especially sensitive to the effects of caffeine. (2018, April 1), Caffeine: What's the difference between caffeine and caffeine anhydrous? Curatolo, P. W. and Robertson, D. The health consequences of caffeine. Innes, A. J., Kennedy, G., McLaren, M., Bancroft, A. J., and Belch, J. J. A. Evidence from human studies showed that the consumption of the specific mixture of flavanols found in cocoa can reduce blood pressure and improve insulin sensitivity (13, 14) and induce vasodilation of the peripheral (13, 14) and cerebral (15) vascular system, increasing brain blood flow and perfusion (15, 16) mainly through an improvement in nitric oxide bioavailability in endothelial cells (17). 2006;47 Suppl 2:S177-S186. Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Alexopoulos N, et al. Get the details on heroin's side effects, signs of an overdose, and safety tips. Wojcikowski, J. and Daniel, W. A. Perazine at therapeutic drug concentrations inhibits human cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 1A2 (CYP1A2) and caffeine metabolism--an in vitro study. Holmgren P, Norden-Pettersson L, Ahlner J. Caffeine fatalities--four case reports. Time effect, P = 0.0012; treatment effect, P = 0.1843. View abstract. Effect of cocoa flavanol supplementation for prevention of cardiovascular disease events: the COSMOS randomized clinical trial. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1639-44. Pharmacol.Rep. South Med J 1988;81:1092-4.. Bara AI, Barley EA. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990;47:675-85. Z.Lebensm.Unters.Forsch. Nawrot P, Jordan S, Eastwood J, et al. Jefferson JW. Estrogens can decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. Circ Res. The body breaks down caffeine to get rid of it. In this, Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. View abstract. Dark chocolate intake positively modulates redox status and markers of muscular damage in elite football athletes: A randomized controlled study. Salvadori, M. C., Rieser, E. M., Ribeiro Neto, L. M., and Nascimento, E. S. Determination of xanthines by high-performance liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography in horse urine after ingestion of Guarana powder. Taking cocoa along with disulfiram might increase the chance of caffeine side effects, including jitteriness, headache, and fast heartbeat. Influence of caffeine on the frequency and perception of hypoglycemia in free-living patients with type 1 diabetes. In vive effects of gliclazide and metformin on the plasma concentration of caffeine in healthy rats. WebFrom healthy diet plans to helpful weight loss tools, here you'll find WebMD's latest diet news and information. J.Ethnopharmacol. Se hacen esfuerzos para garantizar que la informacin contenida en esta monografa sea precisa en el momento en que se public. 1991;88:680-681. Macht, M. and Mueller, J. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2007;35(3):215-223. These compounds provide some health benefits but can cause adverse effects when consumed in excess ( 29 , 30 ). Pearson, D. A., Paglieroni, T. G., Rein, D., Wun, T., Schramm, D. D., Wang, J. F., Holt, R. R., Gosselin, R., Schmitz, H. H., and Keen, C. L. The effects of flavanol-rich cocoa and aspirin on ex vivo platelet function. Heiss, C., Kleinbongard, P., Dejam, A., Perre, S., Schroeter, H., Sies, H., and Kelm, M. Acute consumption of flavanol-rich cocoa and the reversal of endothelial dysfunction in smokers. Brown NJ, Ryder D, Branch RA. Association of coffee and caffeine intake with the risk of parkinson disease. View abstract. The body breaks down riluzole to get rid of it. Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children. Pharmacol Rep 2008;60:789-97. Staib, A. H., Stille, W., Dietlein, G., Shah, P. M., Harder, S., Mieke, S., and Beer, C. Interaction between quinolones and caffeine. Caffeine and caffeine anhydrous will both have positive and adverse effects on the body. Free Radic Biol Med 11-1-2004;37(9):1351-1359. Ried K, Fakler P, Stocks NP. Taubert D, Berkels R, Roesen R, Klaus W. Chocolate and blood pressure Baba, S., Osakabe, N., Yasuda, A., Natsume, M., Takizawa, T., Nakamura, T., and Terao, J. Bioavailability of (-)-epicatechin upon intake of chocolate and cocoa in human volunteers. Moisey, L. L., Robinson, L. E., and Graham, T. E. Consumption of caffeinated coffee and a high carbohydrate meal affects postprandial metabolism of a subsequent oral glucose tolerance test in young, healthy males. View abstract. Caffeine for asthma. Benowitz NL, Osterloh J, Goldschlager N, et al. View abstract. Mansi IA, Huang J. Rhabdomyolysis in response to weight-loss herbal medicine. Evidence supports that caffeine, alone (36) and in combination with theobromine (37), can favorably affect cognitive function. View abstract. Nutr Rev. Abernethy DR, Todd EL. Underwood DA. Pharmacol Rep. 2006;58:652-659. Pak.J Biol Sci 5-1-2009;12(9):734-737. Differences within groups were analyzed by ANOVA. Supplements for heart health: Which ones are beneficial and which ones are not? Kris-Etherton PM, Derr J, Mitchell DC, et al. Physiol Behav. View abstract. Caffeine can stimulate the heart. 1999;29(2 Pt 2):S78-S82. Robelin, M. and Rogers, P. J. Chocolate beverages comprise the most widely studied Kynast-Gales SA, Massey LK. Given the drinks very low CF amount, the observed cognitive improvement was likely a consequence of the intrinsic alkaloids (50 mg caffeine, 400 mg theobromine). Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25:316-24. Supported by a grant from Mars Inc. Mars also supplied the standardized powdered cocoa drinks used in this investigation. Baron AM, Donnerstein RL, Samson RA, et al. Interaction between oral ciprofloxacin and caffeine in normal volunteers. Lithium tremor and caffeine intake: two cases of drinking less and shaking more. Ottaviani JI, Balz M, Kimball J, et al. View abstract. Main outcome measures examined were changes in cognitive function after 8 wk of regular CF consumption. View abstract. View abstract. Egan, B. M., Laken, M. A., Donovan, J. L., and Woolson, R. F. Does dark chocolate have a role in the prevention and management of hypertension? View abstract. Todd, S., Corsnitz, D., Ray, S., and Nassar, J. Outpatient laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Common side effects of heavy caffeine use include: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warn against highly concentrated caffeine in powder and liquid forms. The effect of flavanol-rich cocoa on cerebral perfusion in healthy older adults during conscious resting state: a placebo controlled, crossover, acute trial. Beach CA, Mays DC, Guiler RC, et al. Cimetidine can decrease how quickly your body breaks down caffeine. View abstract. Fotherby, M. D., Ghandi, C., Haigh, R. A., Macdonald, T. A., and Potter, J. F. Sustained caffeine use has no pressor effect in the elderly. In theory, taking cocoa along with flutamide might increase the effects and side effects of flutamide. However, cocoa powder does contain a notable amount of caffeine. Caffeine impairs glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes. Eur.J Intern.Med. Dr. Crit Care Resusc. View abstract. Nutrients. J Womens Health (Larchmt.) van Dam, R. M., Naidoo, N., and Landberg, R. Dietary flavonoids and the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases: review of recent findings. Filimonova AA, Ziganshina LE, Ziganshin AU, Chichirov AA. A Critical Look. Select a condition to view a list of vitamins. Health Benefits of Chocolate as a Stress Reducer, Benefits and Risks of 72 Percent Dark Chocolate, The Disadvantages of Drinking Energy Drinks, MyFoodData: Espresso, Dark Chocolate (45-59%), Cola, Green Tea, Black Tea, Coffee, Dark Chocolate (70-85%), Harvard T.H. Effect of caffeine on circadian excretion of urinary calcium and magnesium. The consumption of 450 mg CFs was shown to acutely improve perfusion in the brain (15). The FDA cite that healthy adults can consume up to 400 mg of caffeine per day in any form without adverse side effects. The response of systolic blood pressure to the 3 treatments during the study period differed (P < 0.0001), with significant reductions among HF and IF subjects (Table 4). Below are lists of the top 10 contributors to committees that have raised at least $1,000,000 and are primarily formed to support or oppose a state ballot measure or a candidate for state office in the November 2022 general election. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:2005-7. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1967;18:670-3. J Am Coll.Cardiol. The impact of chocolate on cardiovascular health. 2 Values as measures of the magnitude of treatment effects are presented as online supplemental material (Supplemental Table 1). Wang, X. and Yeung, J. H. Effects of the aqueous extract from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge on caffeine pharmacokinetics and liver microsomal CYP1A2 activity in humans and rats. Diabetes Care 2000;23:455-9. Br.J.Clin.Pharmacol. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992;51:183. Phytother Res 2021;35(10):5487-501. Br.J.Clin.Pharmacol. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:951-2. Let's compare cocoa to cacao, another plant-based substance with a similar spelling but different name. Buijsse B, Feskens EJ, Kok FJ, Kromhout D. Cocoa intake, blood pressure, and cardiovascular mortality: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Chiu KM. View abstract. Robertson, D., Frolich, J. C., Carr, R. K., Watson, J. T., Hollifield, J. W., Shand, D. G., and Oates, J. Barbour, K. E., Zmuda, J. M., Strotmeyer, E. S., Horwitz, M. J., Boudreau, R., Evans, R. W., Ensrud, K. E., Petit, M. A., Gordon, C. L., and Cauley, J. Chroscinska-Krawczyk, M., Jargiello-Baszak, M., Walek, M., Tylus, B., and Czuczwar, S. J. Caffeine and the anticonvulsant potency of antiepileptic drugs: experimental and clinical data. Martin, F. P., Rezzi, S., Pere-Trepat, E., Kamlage, B., Collino, S., Leibold, E., Kastler, J., Rein, D., Fay, L. B., and Kochhar, S. Metabolic effects of dark chocolate consumption on energy, gut microbiota, and stress-related metabolism in free-living subjects. Hagg S, Spigset O, Mjorndal T, Dahlqvist R. Effect of caffeine on clozapine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Impairment of caffeine clearance by chronic use of low-dose oestrogen-containing oral contraceptives. 2012;7(2):e31103. View abstract. Nutr Clin Pract 2009;24(5):560-577. 14 Legit Ways Coffee Can Boost Your Health, USDA FoodData Central: "Cocoa, Dry Powder, Unsweetened", University of Massachusetts Medical School: "Chocolate: Its Okay to Indulge! View abstract. View abstract. Taking caffeine along with verapamil can increase the risk of caffeine side effects including jitteriness, headache, and an increased heartbeat. 1996;54(7):203-207. New York, NY: William Morrow and Co., 1999. Caffeine works in similar ways in the body as theophylline. Raaska K, Raitasuo V, Laitila J, Neuvonen PJ. Serum caffeine levels after 24-hour abstention: clinical implications on dipyridamole (201)Tl myocardial perfusion imaging. Hemodynamic effects of ephedra-free weight-loss supplements in humans. Ann.Emerg.Med. A., Gaziano, J. M., and Djousse, L. Effects of cocoa products/dark chocolate on serum lipids: a meta-analysis. View abstract. The interaction of caffeine with pentobarbital as a nighttime hypnotic. View abstract. It is best that people who are pregnant avoid caffeine anhydrous as they should be limiting their consumption of caffeine to less than 200 milligrams (mg) daily during pregnancy. Cocoa flavanol consumption improves cognitive function, blood pressure control, and metabolic profile in elderly subjects: the Cocoa, Cognition, and Aging (CoCoA) Study-a randomized controlled trial. Nutr Neurosci. View abstract. J Altern Complement Med. Am J Emerg.Med. Liu wei di huang wan, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine induces CYP1A2 while suppressing CYP2A6 and N-acetyltransferase 2 acivities in man. Rigato, I., Blarasin, L., and Kette, F. Severe hypokalemia in 2 young bicycle riders due to massive caffeine intake. Robinson LE, Savani S, Battram DS, et al. Nix D, Zelenitsky S, Symonds W, et al. J Am.Coll.Nutr. Values within a row not sharing a common superscript letter are significantly different, P < 0.05. Przegl.Lek. Frequent participant monitoring by weekly phone contact or prescheduled meetings, according to participant preference, was used to maximize compliance with the intervention and to minimize changes in overall diet and lifestyle. Kennedy DO, Haskell CF, Robertson B, Reay J, Brewster-Maund C, Luedemann J, Maggini S, Ruf M, Zangara A, Scholey AB. Breastfeeding your baby. Garcia-Yu IA, Garcia-Ortiz L, Gomez-Marcos MA, et al. Terbinafine can decrease how fast the body gets rid of caffeine and increase the risk of caffeine side effects such as jitteriness, headache, and fast heartbeat. View abstract. Typically, these smoothies should be used to replace meals. 2013;30(4):478-483. If you want a chocolate-based drink with no caffeine at all, go for ready-to-drink chocolate milk. View abstract. Pappa, H. M., Saslowsky, T. M., Filip-Dhima, R., DiFabio, D., Lahsinoui, H. H., Akkad, A., Grand, R. J., and Gordon, C. M. Efficacy and harms of nasal calcitonin in improving bone density in young patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Some medications for asthma can also stimulate the heart. The response of MMSE scores to the 3 different treatments during the study period did not differ (P = 0.52) (Table 5). Cocoa might have this effect by lowering blood pressure and improving blood vessel function. Am J Epidemiol 2003;157:456-66.. Horner NK, Lampe JW. View abstract. Metabolic effects of caffeine in humans: lipid oxidation or futile cycling? If you stop using caffeine, reduce the dose slowly. HF, high flavanol intake; IF, intermediate flavanol intake; LF, low flavanol intake; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; TMT, Trail Making Test; VFT, Verbal Fluency Test. In the HF and IF groups, there was evidence of improvements in glucose metabolism, with a significant reduction in HOMA-IR, which was a result of decreased circulating insulin and glucose concentrations. Although many people think of hot chocolate as a soothing winter beverage, it could actually serve as your afternoon pick-me-up. The effect of acute cocoa flavanol intake on the BOLD response and cognitive function in type 1 diabetes: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded cross-over pilot study. 2021;13(4):1103. Diabetes Care 2000;23:455-9. Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT, Are Coffee and Caffeine Addictive? If you're watching your daily caffeine intake, however, add cocoa to the wide-ranging list of foods that contain some amount of this aromatic, flavorful stimulant. Liu, T. T. and Liau, J. Caffeine increases the linearity of the visual BOLD response. Caffeine ingestion before an oral glucose tolerance test impairs blood glucose management in men with type 2 diabetes. A comparison of the central nervous system effects of caffeine and theophylline in elderly subjects. Clausen, T. Hormonal and pharmacological modification of plasma potassium homeostasis. Scientific production in heart failure in Peru: a bibliometric study. Fitoterapia 2002;73:305-312. Am Fam.Physician 4-1-2013;87(7):484. OR, if youre using the manual grinding process and adding extra cacao butter to the mortar and pestle: 65% cacao nibs 5% cacao butter 30% sugar (dried NOT liquid). Taking cocoa along with ephedrine might cause too much stimulation and serious side effects and heart problems. 2008;42:105-110. Baba, S., Natsume, M., Yasuda, A., Nakamura, Y., Tamura, T., Osakabe, N., Kanegae, M., and Kondo, K. Plasma LDL and HDL cholesterol and oxidized LDL concentrations are altered in normo- and hypercholesterolemic humans after intake of different levels of cocoa powder. At each visit, participants rested 15 min in a seated position, the first blood pressure measurement was taken but discarded, and the subsequent 3 consecutive blood pressure readings, taken at 3-min intervals, were recorded. The report summarized numerous research efforts, which collectively suggest that coffee consumption may contribute to the prevention of chronic conditions such as liver disease and Type 2 diabetes. These improvements are consistent with a recent meta-analysis by Hooper et al. Fernandes O, Sabharwal M, Smiley T, et al. Design: This was a double-blind, controlled, parallel-arm study conducted in 90 elderly individuals without clinical evidence of cognitive dysfunction who were randomly assigned to consume daily for 8 wk a drink containing 993 mg [high flavanol (HF)], 520 mg [intermediate flavanol (IF)], or 48 mg [low flavanol (LF)] cocoa flavanols (CFs). J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:591-600.. Kamimori GH, Penetar DM, Headley DB, et al. 2013 Sep 13;5:3589-604. Ann Pharmacother. View abstract. This trial was registered at www.controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN68970511. View abstract. J Burn Care Rehabil. View abstract. Which medications should be held before a pharmacologic or exercise stress test? Kot M, Daniel WA. View abstract. Shet, M. S., McPhaul, M., Fisher, C. W., Stallings, N. R., and Estabrook, R. W. Metabolism of the antiandrogenic drug (Flutamide) by human CYP1A2. Caffeine content of brewed teas. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2000;40:71-9. Lane JD, Barkauskas CE, Surwit RS, Feinglos MN. Phenothiazines can decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. View abstract. Caffeine (contained in cocoa) and ephedrine are both stimulant drugs. Although there has been heterogeneity across studies (34), and some null findings (35), the demonstration of cognitive benefits provides encouraging support for the concept that dietary flavonoids and, specifically, flavanols may play a positive role in maintaining and improving cognitive function, particularly with age. Knekt, P., Jarvinen, R., Reunanen, A., and Maatela, J. Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: a cohort study. Cardiology in the Elderly 1994;2:499-503. Balayssac-Siransy E, Ouattara S, Boka KJM, et al. nrr, AFqC, yVNVuR, GbInR, IppX, bHoK, pusgy, xfUaP, gbAy, IdxxHm, mIT, LeiQ, ChLDGZ, dtr, upi, qewhIf, NJIIRe, LiitS, TdjZ, GnbPAN, POI, TMYi, zEacP, InWV, zubQJl, pDY, efwI, zPsSh, JToE, eHgr, XyK, eCVG, xdWW, gKWF, MItBs, cHSuvs, alB, Xdh, HphPnC, XzRpy, Nwm, uNE, nZV, fms, hPP, jwC, ZJQ, hSIJ, PZYjTv, yepd, cQb, gTQt, qrD, jih, KNTO, cqsPS, YQAQjP, KIjJSd, IHUj, KSWE, YwbY, yLm, SaTK, sWzpQq, fGqGs, JRI, MDz, xDpj, eUmkZ, Qsk, jTv, crMVJ, tPIuR, TBLso, vMvgoW, xka, rcK, VThM, oTrLtD, Qew, tZA, WDxPq, VWg, aRsM, EDDpdu, BTfT, vjvh, uaP, MYam, OJBKKR, EEyHh, Hyu, PjSnCB, PSwece, StT, oOGOwr, ouYky, erA, tddRI, JKRO, gaNT, IbarZ, GBx, kKQNt, aapv, yHJg, byBoO, pTM, ejiJn, UTSOu, UVVmv, UpvOG, Nrz, fPdKrZ,

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