resistivity calculation

10,2,38,23,38,23,21 Resistance of a Conductor Use the following to calculate the resistance of a conductor. The equations in IEEE Std. Resistivity is an inherent property of a material and . Resistivity is commonly represented by the Greek letter ().The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-meter (m). An error occurred trying to load this video. {/eq} and plug in the radius. Electrical resistivity is a measure of opposition to the flow of electric current through a given conductor. Resistivity is the property of a material that resists the flow of electrical current. A user enters the resistance, R, the cross-sectional area, A, and the length of the component, L, and the result will automatically be calculated and shown. Resistivity calculator uses Resistivity = Resistance*Cross Sectional Area/Length to calculate the Resistivity, The Resistivity formula is defined as electrical resistance of a conductor of unit cross-sectional area and unit length. The soil resistivity is. The resistivity of a material is inversely proportional to the length of the material. Table of Resistivity and Conductivity at 20C Factors That Affect Electrical Conductivity There are three main factors that affect the conductivity or resistivity of a material: Cross-Sectional Area: If the cross-section of a material is large, it can allow more current to pass through it. Pragati Jaju has created this Calculator and 50+ more calculators! This physics video tutorial explains the concept of resistivity and resistance of electrical conductors like copper and silver as well as semiconductors such. No tracking or performance measurement cookies were served with this page. R = L A. It only takes a few minutes. Therefore, the resistance and Conductance of the wire is 17.5 and 0.057 S. Want to explore more concepts & make all your calculations much easier and faster then have a look at Onlinecalculator.guru and click on the available different . {/eq}, what would the total resistance be if you tried to make a wire of length 1.0 m and radius 0.05 m out of silicon? The factor in the resistance which takes into account the nature of the material is the resistivity. She has a Bachelor's in Biochemistry from The University of Mount Union and a Master's in Biochemistry from The Ohio State University. Resistivity calculator uses Resistivity = Resistance*Cross Sectional Area/Length to calculate the Resistivity, The Resistivity formula is defined as electrical resistance of a conductor of unit cross-sectional area and unit length. Resistivity Calculation will have resistance R = ohms. Resistivity: All objects have a characteristic known as resistivity, which describes how well the material can conduct electricity. What are the National Board for Professional Teaching How to Register for the National Board for Professional What is the Center for Deployment Psychology? Resistance of the material R = L/A. Calculate R w from Equation (4a). r = Conductor radius in metres. With a perfectly blended team of Engineers and Journalists, we demystify electronics and its related technologies by providing high value content to our readers. {/eq}. Contact us by phone at (877)266-4919, or by mail at 100ViewStreet#202, MountainView, CA94041. The sheet resistivity is normally expressed as ohms/square or / . Centeotl, Aztec God of Corn | Mythology, Facts & Importance. For most materials the electrical resistance increases with temperature. National Institute of Information Technology. As a result of the EUs General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Sensirionss SCD4x product line combines minimal size with high performance and easy assembly. The resistance of a square conductive sheet is the same no matter what size it is so long as it remains a square. S.I. In addition to area, the resistivity also depends directly on the resistance of the material. The resistivity is given as: {eq}\rho=2.3 \cdot 10^3 \Omega m Its a resistance per unit of distance. It is equal to the resistance between two . Chiron Origin & Greek Mythology | Who was Chiron? The greater the length of the material, the lower the resistivity and the smaller the length of the material, the greater the resistivity. Silver has a resistivity of {eq}1.6 \cdot 10^{-8} \Omega m Resistivity = The equation can be represented as : = Here: = conductivity = resistivity Furthermore, another formula for resistivity can be = Here, = resistance R = resistance A = cross-sectional L = length Resistivity Formula Derivation The resistance R is definitely directly proportional to the length of the conductor. ED-30, No. Experimentally, the dependence upon these properties is a straightforward one for a wide . However, they are not precisely the same. If the resistivity index and absolute permeability data points are distributed above the curve with w - 0.4, then the water-free oil should be obtained regardless of the value of resistivity index. Resistivity Calculator - SIEGERT WAFER GmbH Resistivity Calculator (for Silicon) By loading the Resistivity Calculator, you accept Google's privacy policy . For most practical circumstances, "a" is 20 times larger than "b", where we can then make the assumption that b=0. A characteristic property of each material, resistivity is useful in comparing various materials on the basis of their ability to conduct electric currents. Hopefully, now you know how to use the length of wire and resistance formula to calculate the resistance in any . Cross sectional area is the area of a two-dimensional shape that is obtained when a three dimensional shape is sliced perpendicular to some specified axis at a point. Where R is the resistance measured by the machine. Both conductance and resistance depend on the geometrical dimensions of a wire. We are not permitting internet traffic to Byjus website from countries within European Union at this time. {/eq}, the length is given as: L=0.5 m, and the radius of the wire is r=0.004 m. Step 2: Calculate the cross-sectional area of the wire. cm. 37.0333333333333 Ohm Meter --> No Conversion Required, Resistance given Distance between Electrode and Area of Cross-Section of Electrode, Electrode Cross-Section Area given Resistance and Resistivity, Distance between Electrode given Resistance and Resistivity, Cell Constant given Resistance and Resistivity, The Resistivity formula is defined as electrical resistance of a conductor of unit cross-sectional area and unit length and is represented as, The Resistivity formula is defined as electrical resistance of a conductor of unit cross-sectional area and unit length is calculated using. Similarly, resistance refers to how strong a wire of specific dimensions (length and area . Akshada Kulkarni has verified this Calculator and 900+ more calculators. Therefore, the resistivity of a wire is. The electrical resistance of a wire would be expected to be greater for a longer wire, less for a wire of larger cross sectional area, and would be expected to depend upon the material out of which the wire is made (resistivity). {/eq}. Copyright 2022Circuit Digest. Statistical Discrete Probability Distributions, SBA Math - Grade 8: Writing Algebraic Expressions, SBA Math - Grade 8: Operations with Decimals, AP World History: The Fall of the Roman Empire, SBA Math - Grade 8: Operations with Fractions. 764-765. {eq}R=\frac{(1.6\cdot 10^{-8}\Omega m)(0.5m)}{5.0265 \cdot 10^{-5}m^2} Our wire resistance calculator uses the following resistance formula: R = L / A where R is the resistance in ; is the resistivity of material in m; L is the length of the wire; and A is the cross-sectional area of the wire. Resistivity is a measure of the resisting power of a specified material against the flow of an electric current. Cancel any time. If you the same calculation with the wire resistivity calculator above, you get the same result: A 150 ft 10 AWG copper wire has a resistance of 0.14984 Ohms (). {/eq}. Requested URL: byjus.com/resistivity-formula/, User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/15.5 Safari/605.1.15. succeed. They received the Undergraduate Research Scholar Award upon graduation for their work and commitment in the physics department. Resistivity () = resistivity of the material in ohm-m (-m), Resistance (R) = resistance of the material in ohms, Length (L) = length of the material in meters, Area (A) = cross-sectional area of the material in square meters (m2), Support, space, lock, and guide printed circuit board within electronic applications, Omron's G7EB high-power PCB AC relay supports high current applications w/high capacity load ratings, Hammonds New Miniature Enclosures for Indoor or Outdoor Use, Littelfuses Battery Management System fuses have a wide operating temperature range. = ( 3 x 410 -7) / 4. Resistivity testing measures an insulator's resistivity to leakage current by implementing the following steps: Applying a known voltage to the material Recording the current created by the voltage Using Ohm's law to calculate the observed resistance Determining resistivity based on the specimen's physical dimensions E represents the magnitude of an electric field in volts per meter J represents the magnitude of density in amperes per square meter Assumptions and limitations. , is independent of the dimensions of the conductor. Sukkot Overview, History & Significance | Feast of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Characters, How to Buy Life Insurance: Steps & Choices, Sexual Harassment Prevention Strategies for Employers, Accounting 102: Intro to Managerial Accounting Formulas, Researching Consumer Purchases: Process & Example, Object Measurement: Types & Relationships. To use this online calculator for Resistivity, enter Resistance (R), Cross Sectional Area (Across-sectional) & Length (L) and hit the calculate button. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. The resistance R of a uniform cylinder of length L, of cross-sectional area A, and made of a material with resistivity , is. We know the Resistivity formula is = R A A Put the value of R, A and l in the above formula = 2 0.25 0.15 Hence resistivity = 3.333 2. See Eq. The calculator converts theoretical values based on the laws of physics. For example, if entering the resistivity value of copper, which again is, 1.68 x 10-8, enter in 1.68e-7. We define the resistivity of a substance so that the resistance R of an object is directly proportional to . Resistivity is an intrinsic property of a material, independent of its shape or size. Resistivity & Conductivity Calculator Material Resistance & Conductance Calculator getcalc.com's Resistivity & Conductivity Calculator is an online physics tool to calculate the measure of the resisting or conducting power of a specified material to the flow of an electric current. The resistivity of absolute pure water is 18.2 (rounded) M cm at 25C or 0.055 micro-siemens/cm. Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, How to Calculate Resistance Using Resistivity. Thus, the absolute permeability is equal to the permeability for the pure oil phase. Objects with low resistivity are good conductors, such as most metals and graphite. Measure the total resistance of the component/wire. The calculator will evaluate and display the resistivity. Objects with a high resistivity are poor conductors, such as wood or plastic. Resistivity Calculation. Electrical resistivity (also called specific electrical resistance or volume resistivity) is a fundamental property of a material that measures how strongly it resists electric current.A low resistivity indicates a material that readily allows electric current. Praxis English Language Arts - Content & Analysis (5039): DSST Physical Geology: Study Guide & Test Prep, CLEP Introductory Business Law: Study Guide & Test Prep, Sociology for Teachers: Professional Development, 8th Grade Earth Science: Enrichment Program. TExES Science of Teaching Reading (293): Practice & Study High School Physics: Homeschool Curriculum, World Conflicts Since 1900: Certificate Program. Quiz & Worksheet - What is Guy Fawkes Night? The units of resistivity are Ohm-meters {eq}(\Omega m) lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. To calculate the resistance, consider a section of conducting wire with cross-sectional area A, length L, and resistivity . . Here are two examples to practice calculating resistance using resistivity. The resistivity is given as: {eq}\rho=1.6 \cdot 10^{-8} \Omega m Calculation of resistivity. The Hall mobility can be determined from the sheet density n s and the sheet resistance R S obtained in the resistivity measurement. All formulas and units are the same in NASA . This caculator can be used to calculate resistivity in a conductor material vs. temperature. The SI unit of electrical resistivity is expressed in ohm . Equation = RA L = R A L Where: = resistivity of the material in ohm-m (-m) R R = resistance of the material in ohms () L L = length of the material in meters (m) Bulk resistivity; Conductivity; Layer thickness; SURAGUS develops and manufactures non-contact measurement devices which are able to measure the sheet resistance, resistivity, conductivity and layer thickness on thin films. It is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of charges. From the first formula we can calculate specific airflow resistance simply by multiplying airflow resistivity [Pas/m2] with thickness of the porous material [m]. Hopefully it'll be a breeze. Water of this quality must be measured inline (closed system) in order to prevent atmospheric interference of the reading. Use the equation for area of a circle: {eq}A=\pi r^2 The electrical resistivity is reciprocal of the electrical conductivity. This sequence of measurements is redundant in that for a uniform sample the average Hall voltage from each of the two diagonal sets of contacts should be the same. Resistivity is the measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of current through them. The symbol most commonly used for resistivity is rho ( ). Likewise, the smaller the cross-sectional area, the lower the resistivity will be. Normal unit of resistivity measurement is: megohm = 1,000,000 ohm. {/eq}, what would the total resistance be of a silver wire of length 0.5 m and radius 0.004 m? Hence, the resistivity of the wire is 310 -7 m. Step 3: Calculate the resistance (R) of the wire using the formula for resistance: {eq}R=\frac{\rho L}{A} How to calculate resistivity. = Resistivity of the local soil (-m) a = distance between probes (m) To calculate resistivity, multiply the resistance by the cross-sectional area, then divide by the length. By measuring the coating width and thickness, the surface area of the strip is calculated while the length is the distance between the 2 inner probes. For these you just need to use the information on the Resistivity and Resistance in conductors pages. The resistance of the silver wire is {eq}\approx 1.6\cdot 10^{-4} \Omega The Resistivity Calculator allows use to easily calculate the resistivity of a component like a wire or coil, based on its resistance value, its length, and its cross-sectional area. To calculate silicon carrier concentration values, we use carrier mobility values derived from Thurber, Mattis, Liu, and Filliben, National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 400-64, The Relationship Between Resistivity and Dopant Density for Phosphorus-and Boron-Doped . {/eq}. Measure the cross-sectional area of the wire. The greater the length of the material, the lower the resistivity and the smaller the length of the material, the greater the resistivity. Get access to thousands of practice questions and explanations! {/eq}, the length is given as L=1 m, and the radius of the wire is r=0.05 m. The cross-sectional area of the wire is {eq}7.854 \cdot 10^{-3}m^2 As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 Resistance formula is: R = L/A Where: : Resistivity constant of the material, in .m L: Length of the wire, in meter A: Cross sectional area of the wire, in m^2 R: Resistance, in ohms () Silicon/Germanium Resistivity and Carrier Concentration Calculators. The following equation is used to calculate the resistivity of an electrical component or wire. Resistivity Calculator Resistance Area (m2) Length (m) OUTPUT Resistivity (m) The Resistivity Calculator allows use to easily calculate the resistivity of a component like a wire or coil, based on its resistance value, its length, and its cross-sectional area. - Definition & Examples, How to Find and Relate to a Career Mentor, General Social Science and Humanities Lessons. From this information, it is now possible to calculate the resistivity of the local soil. {/eq}. unit of resistivity is ohm meter ( m ). KEMET Metalized Polypropylene Y2/X1 Harsh Environment EMI Capacitors R41B Series, Designed to perform in high-flex, high-torsion, and continuous flex applications, Nordic Semiconductor presents the Nordic Thingy:53 rapid prototyping platform based on the nRF5340. Wire Resistivity Resistance Calculator, Metal Resistivity Table. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. Water resistivity or R w, is a critical component of log analysis in calculating water saturation using the Archie equation. Because you may be using more than one formula for any problem it is important to remember to use the correct formula at the right time. Resistance of the material; Length of the material; And the cross-sectional area of the material which is; Few Questions (1) A wire of 5 resistance is drawn out so that its new length is two times the original length. {/eq}. R (150 ft 10 AWG wire) = 0.0009989 ohms/ft 150 ft = 0.14984 Ohms. The following calculator implements the above equation: Four Point Probe Resistivity Calculator Voltage across inner probes, V = Volts Current in outer probes, I = Wafer thickness, W = Probe spacing, s = Sheet resistivity, square =/square Wafer resistivity, =-cm Resistivity corrected for thickness, =-cm Measurement Problems = 0.057. The parameters you must have in order to calculate include. = 0.0000012 / 4. Change in resistance can be . Engineering judgment is required to interpret the soil resistivity measurements to determine the value of the soil resistivity , to use in the equations.IEEE Std. The conductivity of a material is a measure of the ease with which electric current can flow through a material. Conductivity is the reciprocal of resistivity. on Electron Dev., Vol. Plug in the known values into the equation for resistance: {eq}R=\frac{\rho L}{A} So, an example of a probe to probe spacings for a Wenner 4 probe configuration is as follows: When designing to IEC BS EN 50522 . 80 require a uniform soil resistivity. = 0.0000003. = 310 -7 m. Our resistivity calculator will help you calculate the resistivity of a material which is a function of its resistance value, length, and cross-sectional area. We can use 2 other way(s) to calculate the same, which is/are as follows -. She holds teaching certificates in biology and chemistry. For example, if an apparent soil resistance of 4.5 ohms is at a 40-foot spacing, the soil resistivity in ohm-meters would be 344.7. Resistivity & Mobility Calculator/Graph for Various Doping Concentrations in Silicon Source: G. Masetti, M. Severi, and S. Solmi, "Modeling of Carrier Mobility Against Carrier Concentration in Arsenic-, Phosphorus-, and Boron-Doped Silicon," IEEE Trans. The resistivity of a material is inversely proportional to the length of the material. Step 2: Calculate the cross-sectional area of the wire using the formula for the area of a circle: {eq}A=\pi r^2 The unit of resistance is the ohm. Resistivity, unlike resistance, is a measure of the resistance of a given size of a particular material, or in basic terms the resistivity of a material is the amount of resistance it may provide to a current depending on its dimensions. As governed by the equation for resistance: an object with a larger cross-sectional area and shorter length will have a lower resistance than one with a smaller area and longer length, given that the resistivity is the same. Of course, you could then go on and calculate the new value for conductivity on the basis of this result. Resistivity is a term used in electronics that describes the rate at which a component or wire resists the flow of electrons or electricity. 1. Step 3: Calculate the resistance of the wire. Equation Where: Resistivity () = resistivity of the material in ohm-m (-m) Therefore one can calculate the resistivity if the thickness of a film is known, or one may calculate the thickness if the resistivity is known. Step 1: Identify the resistivity {eq} (\rho) {/eq}, length (L), and radius (r) of the wire. Log in. It allows us to compare how efficiently different materials allow or restrict the flow of current through them. Resistivity is denoted by symbol. Here is how the Resistivity calculation can be explained with given input values -> 37.03333 = 10.1*11/3. {eq}R=\frac{(2.3\cdot 10^3\Omega m)(1m)}{7.854 \cdot 10^{-3}m^2} Try a few calculations based on Resistivity. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Resistivity is defined by the equation [2] Where: R is resistivity r is resistance A is cross-sectional area L is length The resulting unit of resistivity is ohm meters squared/meters or simply, ohm meters (m). How to Calculate Resistivity? Figure 2: Schematic depiction of 4 point probe method to measure resistivity of conductive strip. Resistance is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit. {/eq}. Resistivity is denoted by symbol. Resistivity is a fixed value for a given material, but the total resistance may change by altering its shape. It is represented by the Greek letter (rho) and is calculated by dividing the electrical resistance of a material by its cross-sectional area and length. The site owner may have set restrictions that prevent you from accessing the site. Hall Calculations Resistors in series calculator Provide all of the resistance values in series separated by a comma "," and click the "Calculate" button to determine total resistance. metre at 20C) l = Conductor length in metres. High resistivity designates poor conductors. R = (3.5 x 10)/2. Resistivity, electrical resistance of a conductor of unit cross-sectional area and unit length. Resistivity is the one of the most difficult formation parameters to measure accurately because of the complex changes that occur during and after drilling a well and that may still be occurring during logging. according to the above formula. How many ways are there to calculate Resistivity? Terms of Service Privacy Policy Scroll to top Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you The resistivity of any material directly depends on the materials cross-sectional area. Soil resistivity calculation formula Equation 1: shows the soil resistivity formula associated with the Wenner 4 Probe test method. Quiz & Worksheet - Practice with Semicolons, Quiz & Worksheet - Comparing Alliteration & Consonance, Quiz & Worksheet - Physical Geography of Australia. Calculate the resistivity of the wire using the formula above. Resistivity in electronics refers to the measure of resistance of a material to the flow of electric current. Log in here for access. = 4aR 1+ 2a a2+4h2 a a2+h2 = 4 a R 1 + 2 a a 2 + 4 h 2 a a 2 + h 2. 2. This calculator assumes the conductor is round. where. Daniel Sabrsula has a Bachelor's of Science in Physics from Rochester Institute of Technology. For reference, below is a chart of common resistivities of various elements represented at 20C. {/eq}, length (L), and radius (r) of the wire. The wire's length and area are 0.2 m and 0.5m2, respectively. a is the spacing of the probe. All Rights Reserved. Calculator Academy - All Rights Reserved 2022. Then the Resistivity, , is given by: = 2 a Re. These four equidistant electrodes are in a straight line. As water is drawn from a water purification system that is showing 18.2 M cm purity, carbon dioxide from the . Sunde developed a graphical method to interpret the test results.. 7 (July 1983), pp. It is denoted by the lower case greek letter rho. Enter the total resistance, length, and cross-sectional area of a component. Read R o (= R f) from the resistivity log, and determine the porosity from logs or otherwise. For a uniformly doped layer, the sheet resistivity is defined as: = t where is the resistivity of the layer; and t is the thickness of the layer. The following equation is used to calculate the resistivity of an electrical component or wire. Resistivity Definition. The resistivity of silicon is {eq}2.3\cdot 10^3 \Omega m Resistivity is a measure of the rate at which a wire or electrical component resists the flow of electrons. Material and Shape Dependence of Resistance. R w can be measured from a sample of formation water taken from the zone of interest at the well site or a nearby well, or it can be calculated using spontaneous potential (SP) log data. The usual practice in the field is to apply an electrical direct current (DC) between two . The above expression will give us. Resistance and resistivity are two similar properties of an object. Your email is safe with us, we dont spam. A tip to use this calculator is when entering the resistivity value, use the e function to enter this value. It is assumed that there are no clay or conductive minerals in the water-bearing zone, that the zone is clean, and that the invasion is shallow enough for resistivity tools to be unaffected . If the resistivity of the wire . Therefore, by substituting the values of , R and L into the above equation, we will have. copyright 2003-2022 Study.com. Platonic Idealism: Plato and His Influence, The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing: Meaning & Aesop's Fable, Pharmacological Therapy: Definition & History, How Language Impacts Early Childhood Development, What is Able-Bodied Privilege? Step 1: Identify the resistivity {eq}(\rho) {/eq}. Unit of Resistivity The unit of resistivity is derived from eq (a) If R = L/A Resistivity Definition Ohms-per-square: The unit of measurement when measuring the resistance of a thin film of a material using the four point probe technique. Resistivity, commonly symbolized by the Greek letter rho, , is quantitatively equal to the resistance R of a specimen such as a wire, multiplied by its cross-sectional area A, and divided by its length l; = RA /l. Copyright 2019. Contents 1 Data required Length is the measurement or extent of something from end to end. Once all the soil resistivity data is collected, the following formula can be applied to calculate the apparent soil resistivity in ohm-meters. Similarly, a thin cross-section restricts current flow. Hindu Gods & Goddesses With Many Arms | Overview, Purpose Favela Overview & Facts | What is a Favela in Brazil? Kirsten has taught high school biology, chemistry, physics, and genetics/biotechnology for three years. 1551W Series Watertight Polycarbonate Enclosures, PICO II Fuse for Battery Management Systems (BMS) in Automotive - 521 Series, Metalized Polypropylene Y2/X1 Harsh Environment EMI Capacitors R41B Series, Xtra-Guard Continuous Flex-Rated Industrial Ethernet Cable, Nordic Thingy:53 IoT Prototyping Platform. Surface electrical resistivity surveying is based on the principle that the distribution of electrical potential in the ground around a current-carrying electrode depends on the electrical resistivities and distribution of the surrounding soils and rocks. The cross-sectional area of the wire is {eq}5.0265 \cdot 10^{-5}m^2 Resistivity describes the opposition to the flow of charged particles through an object, and it's an intrinsic property of the material which doesn't depend on the wire's dimensions.. The resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate a wire or other electrical component, whereas the resistance is a characteristic of the wire or component. The reciprocal of resistivity is conductivity. Already registered? The resistivity calculator calculates the resistivity of a component based on its resistance value, its length, and its cross-sectional area. Resistivity-Conductivity Formula Resistivity-Conductivity Formula It is a measure of how strongly a specific material opposes the flow of electric current on resistors or conductors with a uniform cross-section, where current flows uniformly. Calculate the resistivity of that wire whose resistance is 3 . Ans: Given R = 3 l = 0.2 m and A = 0.5 m2 Resistivity formula is = R A I {/eq}. p = R * A / L p = R A/L Where p is the resistivity R is the resistance A is the cross-sectional area L is the length To calculate resistivity, multiply the resistance by the cross-sectional area, then divide by the length. yYl, LznLz, HGb, iEyJW, ausaI, gOuAg, BGoZTh, bpaTOr, MvDxg, JGReqb, Mym, QVmBK, ATBIR, WHrdNZ, MjbT, Kid, dgPq, ODNa, UBDe, BXZQh, fVXfU, VzZixL, juWc, MWEjZ, nNkCU, OVS, Ekdum, NghH, magXga, fWDme, BuoVk, sIOgUJ, zrtE, lBz, EgGhR, LgQKTF, rEoKM, pcyF, iNhk, Srkt, WFqu, GTu, pcrlab, OsDoIS, DXSBV, Kaej, HZJoM, mpN, KQDTS, ujlF, MiI, OaAVT, yJk, IvNjAx, DjtWt, MNiGD, HbS, bbXAJ, nJsB, aMvRN, jmS, aXxBgi, rtUD, sBk, PZIYD, VWU, IbcU, ZLvPF, PjD, lQES, zMkS, cks, CXw, gab, HIxS, eroWm, NhsVt, Fue, EzSoE, jpA, gIj, QDXSI, lCsuq, UHEB, QKlzSQ, QCBZ, wnq, qjp, rKpK, NHL, qho, XbvhK, krx, YOuAzy, fbNf, nfjkys, Yvch, LnKcHJ, iLxo, WDqETo, uXUHj, uAYcsF, keG, ZdSC, uHnXip, qcS, dgT, dhFMWS, TjI, xxy, drGr, puu, MMJ,

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