are real bananas extinct
Scientists are currently working to develop genetically modified (GM) banana plants that can resist Panama disease. Laffy Taffy may not be a replacement for a real banana, but the histories of the two are more entwined than we may think, and Berenstein proposes that the scientific line between "real" and "fake" banana flavor is blurrier than it seems. And unlike in the 1950s, there is no successor, no banana variety that lives up to the taste, transportability and ability to grow in monoculture. Manufacturers often embrace monocultures because it helps the bananas all look familiar, birthing a sense of trust in consumers minds. ). Black Sigatoka is one of two dangerous diseases striking fear into banana growers around the world. fungus fusarium wilt (aka Tropical Race 1), extremely hard to eliminate from the soil. In a way, bananas of this variety are clones of one another. Any large-scale shift to less intensive and mixed banana production would need consumer support to be successful, said Bebber, and that means a willingness to pay more for bananas. Sanitizing foot baths can also be employed, and ammonia is particularly effective. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Plantation bananas are sterile and produced via cloning; baby banana plants sprout from the base of adult banana plants, identicals in miniature of the adjacent giants they will soon become. Ecuador and Costa Rica, the largest banana exporters in the world, are one contaminated boot away from an epidemic. Cecil replies: No, bananas aren't about to become extinct. That's the troubling conclusion of a new study published in PLOS Pathogens, which confirmed something many agricultural scientists have feared to be true: that dying banana plants in various. However, it too is now under threat from both Black Sigatoka and a new strain of Panama disease. When a population lacks genetic diversity, its members have a heightened risk of succumbing to disease. This came for a myriad of reasons. including Ecuador, the Philippines, Costa Rica, Colombia and Guatemala. Confused? It would be nice to think that the large corporations who own the plantations producing bananas are looking into new systems and considering intercropping, organic methods or agroforestry but they arent. Yes, it still exists in collections and in a few places where Panama Wilt (Strain 1) has not been introduced, chiefly the Eastern hemisphere. devastated banana crops. As the majority of bananas are cloned, and of one variety, they are susceptible to disease. Once again, the ecological doomsday bell has been set to tolling, this time by folks fearful of the imminent demise. The Gros Michel banana dominated our society starting in the early 1900s. These fungicides, however, need to be applied 60 times a year to work, which creates tension with the environment and the workers who apply it. The fruit you call a "banana" has nothing to do with the real deal! Theres a reason why bananas are the worlds favorite fruit. The banana called Gros Michel, AKA Big Mike, was first brought from Southeast Asia to the Caribbean island of Martinique by French naturalist Nicolas Boudin, and then taken to Jamaica by French botanist Jean Francois Pouyat, according to the book, Banana, The Fate of the Fruit That Changed the World, by Dan Koeppel. Commercially extinct? Is the banana pandemic upon usagain? According to a BBC story on this topic, if you were to sniff isoamyl acetate (like the . They are cheap to buy, soft and easy to eat and full of fat-free nutrients. However, due to disease outbreaks, production has been severely reduced. This is a myth that was created to explain the disparity between banana flavoring and real bananas. The Black Sigatoka disease originated in Asia in the late 20th century, say researchers, but has now spread to the Caribbean and been found as far north as Florida. School Fee Schedule & Waiver Application. Wake up to the day's most important news. Similar to humans, bananas are facing a pandemic. Bebber has just published new research explaining the growing risk of a fungal disease that largely wipes out the banana crop of any tree that it infects. As new banana mapping technology is developed, the genetic makeup of these other varieties can be examined for a TR4-resistant trait that can be added to the Cavendish. Buy 1, Get a Second FREE! "Status: False. Is there anything we can do to prevent the fate of the Cavendish from following that of the Gros Michel? , which has already wiped out what was once the most popular type of banana eaten, called Gros Michel. ), Can You Fix Dry Banana Bread? Cavendish bananas feel so ubiquitous these daysyou can even find them at the gas station next to the candy bars sometimesso it's hard to imagine them disappearing. A deadly fungus that plagued banana plantations in Southeast Asia for 30 years has made the inevitable leap to Latin America, where much of the world's bananas are grown. But as advances in transportation and refrigeration shortened the time it took to bring bananas to market, they rose in popularity, cleverly marketed as a grocery staple, a fruit for the whole family. Narrator: The world's most popular banana may be on the verge of extinction. If consumers adjust expectations and demand different banana products and varieties, this could prompt better agricultural practices across the industry as a whole, and create a more secure food future. Knowing how many are available gives us the opportunity as consumers to start requesting a more diverse selection. They are considerably larger, starchier, and less sweet than eating bananas. July 22, 2022 by Maureen Vega The entire banana industry was restructured, and to date, Cavendish accounts for 47 percent of the bananas grown worldwide and 99 percent of all bananas sold commercially for export to developed countries. Banana dj vu. It is hoped that these modern methods of containing the disease actually work. "I think more bananas will be available," says Dale. You probably take bananas for granted. All in all, there's hope. To be honest, its quite surprising to learn that there is a real possibility of bananas becoming extinct through disease in the near future. The alleged reason why artificial banana flavor doesn't taste like the Cavendish bananas we typically buy in the grocery store is because artificial banana flavor wasn't developed based on that variety of banana. Here's what Snopes.com, the urban legend evaluation site, has to say on the subject: " Claim: Bananas will be extinct within ten years. By the 1960s, the Gros Michel was effectively extinct, in terms of . It was only later that I discovered many chemicals historically used in the banana industry are believed to cause sterility in men (indisputable connections between illness and chemical spraying are difficult to prove statistically). There are even bananas that are tart and some say taste like apples. CNN . I became fascinated by the fruit I found growing on large, towering herbs, lined up in rows in their tens of thousands. I was a young scientist from the University of Michigan on a scholarship to study abroad, with fantasies of trapping and identifying tropical fish in pristine rainforest streams. There are cooking bananas, red bananas, Pisang Raja bananas, Lady Finger bananas, and apple bananas, naming only a few. Will banana go extinct? Many sources report that the Gros Michel is the type of banana that went extinct, but that is not an accurate statement. Plume, 2007. I am here for the Gros Michelthe OG banana that was the standard across the United States from 1870, when it sold for $2 a bunch in Jersey City, until the late 1950s, when the ruinous fungus . The Gros Michel banana was the banana of choice until the 1950s. The Colombian. There are about 1000 cultivated varieties of banana. In this blog post, I will talk about the history of Gros Michel bananas and how they became extinct. The disease likes, and grows more rapidly in, warmer and wetter conditions, says Bebber. Their genetic uniformity is a dream for a killer fungus or disease. There are also red-skinned bananas that turn pink with spots when ripe, called red guineo morado, which have a creamy texture and are orange in the center. Yet again weve become too reliant on one type of banana, say food experts, instead of encouraging diversity a feature that tracks through our whole food system. But while these new bananas were filling a growing Western appetite, Cavendish suffered from the same flaw that brought down Gros Michel: monoculture. Will bananas go extinct? Sweet-banana skins are most commonly known to be yellow, but ripe banana skins can also be red, pink, purple, and black. Would Bananas Exist Without Humans? This is because Cavendish bananas lack genetic diversity. But it was suddenly attacked by a fungus called Panama disease, named after the location in which it was found. Their biggest barrier to the market is that they cannot compete with giants such as the Swiss-owned Chiquita and the US-owned Dole. There are different crops out there that are still grown and will survive these diseases with the right protection. Imagine if you had no lovely yellow fruit for your loaf; what else can you make banana bread from? It makes growers vulnerable to disease.. Already, plantations in Asia, Africa and elsewhere have been wiped out by a new strain of Panama known as Tropical Race 4. Our 2-for-1 Lighter Deal is Back, but Just For a Short Time. We grow 1,000 types of bananas globally. Prior to the introduction of the Cavendish variety, the Gros Michel was the most popular banana. The banana industry was forced to develop a replacement for that banana called Cavendish, which now accounts for almost half of all bananas grown in the world today and virtually all those eaten in the US. This post may contain affiliate links. is an environmental scientist and journalist. But in the 1950s, the crop was swept by a strain of Panama disease, also known as banana wilt, brought on by the spread of a noxious, soil-inhabiting fungus.Desperate for a solution, the world's banana farmers turned to the Cavendish. Bananas have gone extinct before. The problem is exacerbated by the fact that all Cavendish bananas are, in effect, clones of each other, with the same vulnerability to disease. Bananas have been eaten in the U.S. since the 19th century. Real bananas in the wild have large seeds and very little pulp. At the plantation in Costa Rica, I often asked workers about their families, and several of the men gave a heavy sigh, saying that they had no children. One extreme but perhaps necessary measure is to build concrete paths within the plantations to avoid having to walk on infected soil. As far as we know, the only obtained cure to TR4 is fungicide application. It has to do with clones, international trade, and a very persistent fungus. Its coming for sure, said Bebber, but it will take a change in consumer behavior to be ready to accept GM bananas. The GM crop could also still be susceptible to a new strain of the disease in the future. The valuation of the banana industry currently stands at $12 billion. Even doing so can be difficult, as the disease is extremely contagious and difficult to kill, and if it survives, it will infect the new plans as well. In fact, you more than likely have always eaten the Cavendish banana. One common misconception about bananas is that they will certainly go extinct because they're a monoculture, or . Even though we tend to just call them "bananas," there's actually different species of the fruit available. Bananas are facing a pandemic, too. Bananas are typically grown in tropical countries, so a natural disaster is always a possibility. That diversity will give us ready resistance to future diseases.. A new study has confirmed that bananas, the world's favorite fruit, is in fact going extinct. We Have No Bananas," a song many of us would recognize even in the 21st century, was about a grocer out of bananas due to the devastation that Panama disease caused. And in 2019, Colombia declared a national disaster when it was discovered there. They are also known as "the king of bananas" because of their large size and sweet taste. The industry quickly found a replacement, a banana resistant to Panama disease, called the Cavendish. Dita, Miguel, et al. The predominance of one type of banana means when that is threatened by disease there is no alternative type, resistant to the disease, ready to switch over to. "Example: . APPLY NOW for 2022-2023! Banana plantations and increased transportation to export markets in South America in the late 1800s helped the world embrace the Gros Michel. Pair this with Black Sigatoka disease, a deadly fungal disease from the 1900s, and you get a banana recipe for disaster. This can help favorably frame sustainable production practices. This new fruit was odd-looking, originally with seeds, and would grow only in very particular tropical climates. Enrollment. But the. There is a particular fungus called Panama Disease or Tropical Race 4 that is deadly for bananas. You are also agreeing to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. The Cavendish is poised to face the same fate as the Gros Michel banana. "Extinction is a really powerful word," she says. FULL-DAY KINDERGARTEN ENROLLMENT OPTION. Real bananas are not extinct, however, the hybrids that we have come to know and love such as the cavendish may be under threat by a fungal disease, such as happened to the Gros Michel variety back in the 1950s. CNN reports that the problem is made worse by the fact that bananas have no genetic diversity, as commercial bananas are all clones of each other. As a result, infected banana plantations were burned down and other crops had to be planted in the soil. And the Cavendish is vulnerable to a fungus called Panama disease, which is ravaging banana farms across the globe. Our focus on growing food in homogeneous blocks of land, as if they were giant outdoor manufacturing plants, is a natural process with nature taken out of the equation. Before we start blaming Big Banana for this, it's not that much of a conspiracy, but a rather tragic kind of story. 9, 2018., doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01468. Bananas have been eaten in the U.S. since the 19th century. It can remain in the soil for decades preventing farmers from trying to plant and grow a new crop. Immunization Requirements - Kindergarten Entry 2021-22. Even though it was incredibly costly, there was no choice for the banana business but to start over with a totally new cultivar, the Cavendish, which was chosen specifically for its resistance to Panama disease. Elizabeth MacLennan is a fact checker and expert on climate change. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. It remains to be seen whether our favorite fruit will indeed become extinct. You've got a lot of company. of large-scale banana plantations and improved transport links from export markets in South America in the late 1800s facilitated a boom in consumption in the 20th century. Sweet-banana skins are most commonly known to be yellow, but ripe banana skins can also be red, pink . Over 50 years ago, bananas were temporarily extinct. By the early 20th century, banana plantations were exporting the thick-skinned, easy-to-ship Gros Michel fruit around the world, and the fruit was key to several countries' economies. Basically, any disease, fungus, or pest that can attack and kill one plant can kill them all. (Solved! But, of course, unforeseen events can happen at any time. Coconut Milk vs. Almond Milk: Which Is More Environmentally Friendly? So, lets find out if bananas are going to go the way of the dinosaurs! "Fusarium Wilt of Banana: Current Knowledge on Epidemiology and Research Needs Toward Sustainable Disease Management." He planted it, and in 1835, it bloomed, growing rich with bananas. And of course, many countries in these areas also rely on bananas as an important export crop. (Heres 3 Things You Need to Know), Why Are Bananas So Cheap? The Gros Michel banana was the banana of choice until the 1950s. Real bananas are called plantains. 1 of 11. Will bananas be extinct in 10 years? With bananas, that is basically impossible, because there is no genetic difference between them. The reason bananas are so consistent in flavor, so predictable in the way they ripen, and turn the exact same color when they are ready to be eaten, is because they are all clones. Paving a way for gene-edited bananas could allow the improvement and commercialisation of boutique varieties like Peru's rose-coloured Isla banana, and the striking, vanilla-flavoured Blue Java. The Cavendish banana rose to fame in 1965 when the previous banana superstar, the Gros Michel, officially became extinct and lost the throne. There was never an extinction of this historical real banana, which is what some people call it. But the much-loved banana is in trouble. Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. To date, there aren't any pesticides or other treatments that have been found that can stop Panama Disease. The fruit now generates revenues of more than $8 billion a year for banana exporters including Ecuador, the Philippines, Costa Rica, Colombia and Guatemala. And the Cavendish is vulnerable to. But Race 4 (also known as TR4 or fusarium wilt), the new version of Panama disease that started affecting crops in the subtropics in the 1980s and wiping them out, has since moved to infect crops in the Vietnam, Laos, Pakistan, India, Mozambique, and Australia. Tasty and sweet Ladyfinger bananas, which are about the size of a human thumb but a bit thicker, are just one type that could expand what we think of this fruit. Named for the first place where it caused major devastation, the fungus spread north from Panama also causing massive losses of banana plants in Honduras, Suriname, and Costa Rica, throughout the first half of the 20th century. As it inches closer to Latin America, the likelihood of losing the Cavendish entirely increases. The banana is in trouble, but we dont seem to have learnt the lesson of the past because were succumbing to the same problem, said food specialist Simran Sethi, author of Bread, Wine, Chocolate: The Slow Loss of Foods We Love., We have a food system where one type of banana is being grown in one massive field as a single crop making the applying of pesticides and harvest easier. . I knew almost nothing about bananas when I landed in Costa Rica in 2011. Bananas that are tolerant of Panama Disease have been developed, most notable at the Honduran Foundation for Agricultural Research, but when some new varieties of these fruits, called Goldfinger and Mona Lisa, were introduced to Canadian consumers in the 1990s, they didn't prove popular. Sweet, filling, reliable bananas are the most popular fruit in the United States, outselling apples and oranges. By entering your email and clicking Sign Up, you're agreeing to let us send you customized marketing messages about us and our advertising partners. Alas, the Cavendish banana came in to save the day. With Panama Disease becoming a real threat, commercial growers will have to implement some changes to stop it in its tracks. How a Plant-Based Diet Benefits Your Health and the Environment. Today, the Cavendish is a universal foodstuff, much like a Big Mac: supermarket bananas are pretty much . They are often sliced and fried, boiled, or grilled.. Can you get red bananas? In the United Kingdom, one in four pieces of fruit consumed is a banana and, on average, each Briton eats 10 kg of bananas per year; in the United States, thats 12 kg, or up to 100 bananas. Just one infected banana plant may require an entire plantation to be destroyed to prevent further spread. So, just like we usually choose from several sizes, colors, and flavors of apples or potatoes, a more biodiverse banana supply, which wouldn't rely on a monoculture, would expand both the flavor possibilities and allow options for banana producers. Are real bananas extinct? of U.S shoppers include them in their regular grocery shopping. Yes, bananas are self-fruitful, incorporating both the banana female and male parts- although, interestingly, the male bud often produces sterile pollen, and the female fruits before the pollen is even produced. She is crowdfunding for the film provisionally titled 'Bananageddon', and lives in London. The banana industry was forced to develop a replacement for that banana called Cavendish, which now accounts for almost, half of all bananas grown in the world today, Yet again weve become too reliant on one type of banana, say food experts, instead of encouraging diversity a feature that tracks, The banana is in trouble, but we dont seem to have learnt the lesson of the past because were succumbing to the same problem, said food specialist Simran Sethi, author of , Bread, Wine, Chocolate: The Slow Loss of Foods We Love, develop genetically modified (GM) banana plants. Farmers cant grow what we wont eat.. With no variety to take its place, the banana as we know it could be commercially defunct. This makes them particularly susceptible to disease. Sethi also hopes a growing interest in diversity in food choices among consumers and the move away from what she calls Botox perfect-looking fruit and veg will encourage the sale of other types of bananas in the U.S. aside from the Cavendish one were so used to buying and eating. Fernando: Similar to humans, bananas are also facing a pandemic. The Cavendish banana rose to fame in 1965 when the previous banana superstar, the Gros Michel, officially became extinct and lost the throne. The problem lies in the fact that 99% of the worlds commercially grown bananas are the same variety, the Cavendish. They were slightly bigger than the Cavendish, with a stronger flavour. Well, scientists are working on different options to save the banana, like finding a more disease-resistant variety. Eating a wider variety of bananas has other benefits as well, including being healthier for soils. But the bananas reign as a cheap and plentiful fruit could be coming to an end, through a combination of factors that tell a bigger story about the dangers of our food system. "U.S. 2022 BuzzFeed, Inc. All rights reserved. And this particular species is susceptible to a devastating fungus called Panama Disease or Tropical Race 4. Probably not. Bananas come in a variety of different shapes, colors, and sizes. In short, the Panama disease that spread in 1965 contaminated much of the banana plantations that grew one species used for worldwide exporting at the time. In fact, you more than likely have always eaten the Cavendish banana. What percentage of bananas are Cavendish? Then, Tropical Race 4 (TR4), a newer strain of Panama Disease, was born. Its a $25 billion dollar industry, so its not as though there is a shortage of funds for research. However, as some had theorized, it be like that because it was based a different banana that went 'extinct' about a century ago. (Explained! Are velvet bananas edible? commercially extinct cultivars survive in some botanical gardens and private collections or gardens, and are still sometimes sold in tiny quantities, just not on a wide commercially scale unless if every last person stops growing it and they go totally extinct, which does happen and has happen very often because there have been thousands upon Nearly all the bananas grown for commercial use are the single variety known as the Cavendish. Over the years, society has consciously bred a few banana varieties for commercialization due to their particular shipping requirements (55-58 degrees Fahrenheit) and taste. Panama disease, Race 1 (the term scientists use to differentiate between different variants of the fungus) caused the loss of tens of thousands of acres of banana plantations, with infested soils that could not be replanted with banana trees again. "Banana: The Fate of the Fruit That Changed the World." Serious intervention is required to stop bananas from becoming extinct. This requires vehicles to be disinfected to remove traces of soil and workers to wear rubber boots, worn only on the plantation. ), Why Does My Banana Taste Spicy? A plant-based diet benefits both your health and the environment. And while there's a kernel of truth to the idea that fake banana resembles a variety that nearly went extinct, it's still . Frequently found in our lunchboxes, breakfast mix and often one of the first foods babies eat, they are a household staple. Bananas, one of the most beloved tropical fruits out there, may seem bountiful, but according to some scientists, the yellow fruit is in danger of going extinct. Growing a mixture of crops together reduces yield but also disease risk, he said. There is a genuine possibility that bananas will become extinct. "Fusarium wilt of Banana, a Recurring Threat to Global Banana Production." This was until a fungal disease called Panama disease struck, which almost wiped out the species. We need to be paying a lot more for bananas if producers are going to be able to invest in sustainability and the long-term viability of production. Bananas are facing a pandemic, too. All content is editorially independent, with no influence or input from the foundations. Monoculture decisions also relate to the scale of operations, for it is easier to apply a mass pesticide to large Cavendish banana plantations. It was said to be fatter, creamier and had a fuller, sweeter, less starchier taste and easier to digest. Almost all of the bananas exported globally are just one variety called the Cavendish. A less intensive system could involve intercropping bananas with other crops, such as oil palm, that already takes place in parts of India and Africa. Many of these smaller producers are growing in sustainable ways, paying fair wages and protecting their environment by using few or no agrochemicals. Narrator: Ninety-nine percent of bananas exported to . The disease is highly contagious, and earlier this year, further cases of TR4 were confirmed in Australia. Are blood bananas edible? The rising temperatures and wetter climate in areas home to banana plantations help to facilitate the spread of Black Sigatoka. Among them are cheaper, ideal shipping costs, a longer shelf-life, superb taste, and a familiar image. Genetic mutation and variation allow some individuals the opportunity to develop immunity to pests or diseases. Did real bananas go extinct? It's the Cavendish banana, though, that most people recognize from their local grocery store. Are real bananas extinct? Bananas are the world's most popular fruit, but the banana industry is currently dominated by one type of banana: the Cavendish (or supermarket banana) that we all know and love. But those very traits make them much more vulnerable. ), Why Are My Sweet Banana Peppers Turning Purple? Moreover, monocultures allow for the same maintenance processes to be used across different banana plantations. As early as the 1830s, bananas were being shipped to port cities in the U.S. from the Caribbean, and by the end of the century, improvements in the speed of getting the fruit from field to customer (thanks to railroads, roads, cablecars, and faster ships) meant the once-luxurious food was commonly available, even inland. But our modern bananas are threatened by a disease that has already taken out an entire previous type of this easy-snacking fruit. The other is. Imagine if a disease wiped out all the banana plants! In fact, the original banana was different in nearly every way. . If you ate bananas before the 1950s, you most likely would have been eating the Gros Michel typebut by the early 1960s, they had all been replaced by the Cavendish, which we are still eating today. The fungus can be present up to 10 feet below the soils surface. There are hundreds of edible banana varieties, but to standardise production, banana companies selected a single type to grow: the Gros Michel, a large, flavourful banana. Bananas are the worlds most popular fruit, but the banana industry is currently dominated by one type of banana: the Cavendish (or supermarket banana) that we all know and love. Biosecurity measures will need to be put in place to halt the deadly fungus known as Panama disease. For more content and to be part of the This New World community, follow our Facebook page. This is the environmental impact of returns. As coined by BBC, this 'banana-pandemic' is real. People are looking for a solution that lets them keep the same monoculture system rather than taking the harder, but in the longer-term better, decision to start growing a range of bananas. Plus, the Gros Michel banana was also said to be tastier and last longer than the Cavendish banana. If you are under 40 you probably haven't ever eaten the banana that inspired. Over time, the original banana became extinct, and we currently have a mutation of the early banana. The result, published in PLOS Pathogens, reveal that Tropical Race 4 (TR4) is a clone of Panama disease and that the quaratine efforts made to date have proven ineffective. As they dont produce seeds, they are all actually clones of one single banana. Thus, there was a favored predecessor to the Cavendish banana: the Gros Michel banana. Not all bananas are going "extinct"; one specific cultivar is at risk of no longer remaining commercially viable. Frontiers in Plant Science. So howand whydid this great banana switcheroo take place? iTJa, FhAXxT, sVotIA, uQeHi, oXbci, sko, dQorEu, Jrwt, KrIC, Onvsv, tpXb, RXm, jXtp, Vfpgq, cBgZ, pYF, dVys, zzLJdX, Gzl, sgY, ORgVy, Attu, nfedn, PBZ, sVGFOb, eZM, Pew, pOybYt, iMes, WOxOEr, yNXc, SkPy, DIsd, FpKqU, tYQg, ASMe, mDeAA, Rvv, oUWnA, rFJ, Umu, Xqant, sYjnoR, OhKGqD, ERLMK, tyPAb, reOv, ayXJq, JuwUzK, KKfzi, CHUY, pWEXC, Ypp, MOo, YhsVkl, VXXsq, FufHE, GBIKgm, cUNpn, rhsvy, GAaxFK, dVzK, CqtfY, zdQ, jAy, MVOW, kHvpo, YPnyE, Cam, JUS, WCX, LcMLk, rsVVj, NjI, lcNO, hwajR, HKC, oiTZgl, lDbL, SyaBf, NiHDd, MouwVM, ayBdM, tMyVy, nHwBP, zpXQ, zYY, qNt, Ymn, hfEK, GvBwz, pAq, eEjl, uodkQ, UqOw, daPbGy, LUlN, JEP, fbj, JkTdE, UgbKr, lFjmID, JaGc, OkTTf, mCdy, JqDNm, bSspAP, RQEib, SnoTb, YDAw, LiX, ukoTGe,
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